Appendix C REFERENCE - J. Seguin Science - OLOL - Home

1 Appendix CREFERENCE796 Appendix CNELT hroughout Nelson chemistry 12and in this REFERENCE sec-tion, we have attempted to be consistent in the presentationand usage of quantities, units, and their symbols. As far aspossible, the text uses the Syst me international d unit s (SI).However, some other units have been included because oftheir practical importance, wide usage, or use in specializedfields. In our interpretations and usage,Nelson chemistry 12has followed the most recent Canadian Metric Practice Guide(CAN/CSA 89), published in 1989 and reaffirmedin 1995 by the Canadian Standards , Symbols, and PrefixesNumerical PrefixiesPrefixPowerSymboldeca-101dahect o-102hkilo-103k*mega-106M*giga-109G*tera -1012 Tpeta-1015 Pexa-1018 Edeci-10 1dcenti-10 2c*milli-10 3m*micro-10 6m*nano-10 9n*pico-10 12pfemto-10 15fatto-10 18a* commonly usedSome Examples of Prefix mol 10 3mol millimoles or mmol1530 L 103L kilolitres or kLSI Base UnitsQuantitySymbol Unit name Symbolamount of substancenmolemolelectric currentIampereAlengthL, l, h, d, wmetremluminous intensityIvcandelacdmassmkilogramkgtempe ratureTkelvinKtimetsecondsDefined (Exact)

2 Quantities 1mL 1cm3 1kL 1m31000 kg 1t 1Mg 1t 1atm kPa0 C KSTP 0 C and kPaSATP 25 C and 100 kPaCommon MultiplesMultiplePrefix 1mono 2bi , di 3tri 4tetra 5penta6hexa7hepta 8octa9nona 10deca Reference797 NELA ppendixCCC2 Common ChemicalsYou live in a chemical world. As one bumper sticker asks, What in the world isn t chemistry ? Every natural and tech-nologically produced substance around you is composed ofchemicals. Many of these chemicals are used to make yourlife easier or safer, and some of them have life-saving prop-erties. Following is a list of selected common nameRecommended nameFormulaCommon use/sourceacetic acidethanoic acidHC2H3O2(aq);CH3 COOH(aq)vinegaracetonepropanone(CH3)2CO( 1)nail polish removeracetyleneethyneC2H2(g)cutting/wel ding torchASA (Aspirin )acetylsalicylic acidHC9H7O4(s); C6H4 COOCH3 COOH(s)for pain-relief medicationbaking sodasodium hydrogen carbonateNaHCO3(s)leavening agentbattery acidsulfuric acidH2SO4(aq)car batteriesbleachsodium hypochloriteNaClO(s)bleach for clothing bluestonecopper(II) sulfate pentahydrateCuSO4 5 H2O(s)algicide, fungicidebrineaqueous sodium chlorideNaCl(aq)water-softening agentCFCchlorofluorocarbonCxClyFz(l).

3 ,C2Cl2F4(l)refrigerantcharcoal/graphitec arbonC(s)fuel, lead pencilscitric acid2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid H3C8H5O7(s)C3H4OH(COOH)3(s)in fruit and beveragescarbon dioxidecarbon dioxideCO2(g)dry ice, carbonated beveragesethyleneetheneC2H4(g)for polymerizationethylene glycol1,2-ethanediolC2H4(OH)2(l)radiator antifreezefreon-12dichlorodifluoromethan eCCl2F2(l)refrigerantGlauber s saltsodium sulfate decahydrateNa2SO4 10 H2O(s)solar heat storageglucoseD-glucose; dextroseC6H12O6(s)in plants and bloodgrain alcoholethanol (ethyl alcohol)C2H5OH(l)beverage alcoholgypsumcalcium sulfate dihydrateCaSO4 2 H2O(s)wallboardlime (quicklime)calcium oxideCaO(s)masonry limestonecalcium carbonateCaCO3(s)chalk and building materialslye (caustic soda)sodium hydroxideNaOH(s)oven/drain cleanermalachitecopper(II) hydroxide carbonateCu(OH)2 CuCO3(s)copper mineralmethyl hydratemethanol (methyl alcohol)CH3OH(l)gas line antifreezemilk of magnesiamagnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2(s)antacid (for indigestion)MSGmonosodium glutamateNaC5H8NO4(s)flavour enhancermuriatic acidhydrochloric acidHCl(aq)concrete etchingnatural gasmethaneCH4(g)fuelPCBspolychlorinated biphenyls(C6 HxCly)2.

4 , (C6H4Cl2)2(l)in transformerspotashpotassium chlorideKCl(s)fertilizerroad saltcalcium chloride or sodium chlorideCaCl2(s)or NaCl(s)melts icerotten-egg gashydrogen sulfideH2S(g)in natural gasrubbing alcohol2-propanol (also isopropanol)CH3 CHOHCH3(l)for massagesand (silica)silicon dioxideSiO2(s)in glassmakingslaked limecalcium hydroxideCa(OH)2(s)limewatersoda ashsodium carbonateNa2CO3(s)in laundry detergentssugarsucroseC12H22O11(s)sweete nertable saltsodium chlorideNaCl(s)seasoningvitamin Cascorbic acidH2C6H6O6(s)vitamin supplementwashing sodasodium carbonate decahydrateNa2CO3 10 H2O(s)water softener798 Appendix CNELNote: This is an expansion of the table found on page 245 of the VSEPR Theory to Predict Molecular ShapeTable 1 Using VSEPR Theory to Predict Molecular ShapeGeneral Bond Lone TotalMolecular shapeExamplesformula* pairs pairs pairs Geometry**Shape diagramAX2E2 13 V-shapedSnCl2(trigonal planar)AX5505 trigonal bipyramidalSbCl5(trigonal bipyramidal)AX4E4 15 seesaw SF4(trigonal bipyramidal)AX3E2325 T-shapedBrF3(trigonal bipyramidal)AX2E3235 linearXeF2(trigonal bipyramidal)AX6606 octahedralSF6(octahedral)AX5E5 16 square pyramidalBrF25(octahedral)AX4E2426 square planarXeF4(octahedral)* A is the central atom; X is another atom; E is a lone pair of electrons.

5 ** Electron-pair arrangement is in Heat CapacitiesC5 Molar Enthalpiesof CombustionC6 Standard Molar Entropies and Enthalpies of FormationSpecific Heat Capacities of Pure SubstancesSubstanceSpecific Heat SubstanceSpecific Heat Capacity*Capacity*(J/(g C))(J/(g C)) , H2O(s) , H2O(l) , H2O(g) *Elements at SATP state H fS Chemical Name Formula(kJ/mol) (J/(mol K))acetone(CH3)2CO(l) 248. 1 oxideAl2O3(s) (g) chloride NH4Cl(s) chloride NH4Cl(aq) nitrate NH4NO3(s) carbonateBaCO3(s) hydroxideBa(OH)2(s) oxideBaO(s) sulfateBaSO4(s) (l) (vapour)Br2(g) (g) carbonate CaCO3(s) chlorideCaCl2(s) hydroxideCa(OH)2(s) 986. oxideCaO(s) sulphateCaSO4(s) dioxideCO2(g) Enthalpy ofCombustion (kJ/mol)Methanel 890 Ethane 1560 Propane 2220 Butane 2871 Hexane 4163 Octane 5450 Methanol 727 Ethanol 1367 Propanol 2020 Butanol 2676 H fS Chemical Name Formula(kJ/mol) (J/(mol K))carbon disulfideCS2(l) carbon monoxideCO(g) C2H3Cl(g) (III) oxide Cr2O3(s) (I) oxideCu2O(s) (II) oxideCuO(s) (I) sulfideCu2S(s) (II) sulfideCuS(s) 53.

6 (g) 1,2-dichloroethane C2H4Cl2(l) ethaneC2H6(g) ,2-ethanediol C2H4(OH)2(l) (acetic) acid CH3 COOH(l) (l) (g) (ethylene)C2H4(g) (acetylene)C2H2(g) (s) CNEL H fS Chemical NameFormula(kJ/mol) (J/(mol K))hexaneC6H14(l) (g) (l) bromideHBr(g) chlorideHCl(g) cyanideHCN(g) iodideHI(g) peroxideH2O2(l) sulfideH2S(g) (vapour)I2(g) (III) oxideFe2O3(s) (II, III) oxide Fe3O4(s) (II) oxidePbO(s) (IV) oxidePbO2(s) carbonate MgCO3(s) chlorideMgCl2(s) hydroxide Mg(OH)2(s) oxideMgO(s) (II) oxideMnO(s) (IV) oxideMnO2(s) (l) (g) (II) oxideHgO(s) (II) sulfideHgS(s) (formaldehyde) CH2O(g) (g) (formic) acid HCOOH(l) 425. 1 (l) 239. 1 (g) (II) oxideNiO(s) acidHNO3(l) dioxideNO2(g) monoxideNO(g) (l) (l) 250. 1 ozoneO3(g) H fS Chemical NameFormula (kJ/mol) (J/(mol K))pentaneC5H12(l) (styrene) C6H5 CHCH2(l) pentachloride PCl5(g) trichloride PCl3(l) trichloridePCl3(g) K(s) K(l) chlorateKClO3(s) chlorideKCl(s) hydroxideKOH(s) (g) dioxideSiO2(s) bromideAgBr(s) chlorideAgCl(s) iodideAgI(s) bromideNaBr(s) chlorideNaCl(s) hydroxideNaOH(s) iodideNaI(s) (s) dioxideSO2(g) trioxide (liquid)SO3(l) sulfur trioxide (vapour) SO3(g) acidH2SO4(l) (II) oxideSnO(s) (IV) oxideSnO2(s) ,2,4-trimethylpentane C8H18(l) (NH2)2(s) (liquid)H2O(l) (vapour)H2O(g) oxideZnO(s) sulfideZnS(s) Standard molar enthalpies (heats) of formation are measuredat SATP (25 C and 100 kPa).

7 The values were obtained fromThe CRC Handbook o fChemistry and Physics,71st Edition. The standard molar enthalpies of elements in their standardstates are defined as and AnionsCommon CationsIonNameH hydrogenLi lithiumNa sodiumK potassiumCs cesiumBe2 berylliumMg2 magnesiumCa2 calciumBa2 bariumAl3 aluminumAg silverCommon AnionsIonNameH hydrideF fluorideCl chlorideBr bromideI iodideO2 oxideS2 sulfideN3 nitrideP3 phosphideIon ColoursIonSolution colourGroups 1, 2, 17colourlessCr2 (aq)blueCr3 (aq)greenCo2 (aq)pinkCu (aq)greenCu2 (aq)blueFe2 (aq)pale greenFe3+(aq)yellow-brownMn2 (aq)pale pinkNi2 (aq)greenCrO42 (aq)yellowCr2O72 (aq)orangeMnO4 (aq)purpleIonFlameLi bright redNa yellowK violetCa2 yellow-redSr2 bright redBa2 yellow-greenCu2 blue (halides)green (others)Pb2 light blue-greyZn2 whitish greenCommon Polyatomic IonsIonNameIonNameC2H3O2 acetateCO32 carbonateClO3 chlorate*CrO42 chromateClO2 chlorite*Cr2O72 dichromateCN cyanideHPO42 hydrogen phosphateH2PO4 dihydrogen phosphateC2O42 oxalateHCO3 hydrogen carbonateO22 peroxide(bicarbonate)HSO4 hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate) SiO32 silicateHS hydrogen sulfide (bisulfide) SO42 sulfateHSO3 hydrogen sulfite (bisulfite)SO32 sulfiteClO , OCl hypochlorite*S2O32 thiosulfateOH hydroxideBO33 borateNO2 nitritePO43 phosphateNO3 nitrateP3O105 tripolyphosphateClO4 perchlorate*NH4 ammoniumMnO4 permanganateH3O hydroniumSCN thiocyanateHg22 mercury(I)*There are also corresponding ions containing Br and I instead of of Ionic Compounds at SATPA nionsCl , Br , I S2 OH SO42 CO32 , PO43 , SO32 C2H3O2 NO3 High solubility (aq)

8 MostGroup 1, NH4 Group 1, NH4 mostGroup 1, NH4 mostall 0. 1mol/LGroup 2Sr2 , Ba2 , Tl (at SATP)All Group 1compounds, including acids, and all ammonium compounds are assumed to have high solubility in Solubility (s)Ag , Pb2 , Tl , mostmostAg , Pb2 , Ca2 , mostAg none 0. 1mol/LHg22 (Hg ),Ba2 , Sr2 , Ra2 (at SATP)Cu Cations802 Appendix CNELC8 Solubility Product Constants (Ksp)Solubility Product Constants at 25 CNameFormulaKspbarium carbonateBaCO3(s) 10 9barium chromateBaCrO4(s) 10 10barium sulfateBaSO4(s) 10 10calcium carbonateCaCO3(s) 10 9calcium oxalateCaC2O4(s); CaOOCCOO(s) 10 9calcium phosphateCa3(PO4)2(s) 10 33calcium sulfateCaSO4(s) 10 5copper(I) chlorideCuCl(s) 10 7copper(I) iodideCuI(s) 10 12copper(II) iodateCu(IO3)2(s) 10 8copper(II) sulfideCuS(s) 10 37iron(II) hydroxideFe(OH)2(s) 10 17iron(II) sulfideFeS(s) 10 19iron(III) hydroxideFe(OH)3(s) 10 39lead(II) bromidePbBr2(s) 10 6lead(II) chloridePbCl2(s) 10 5lead(II) iodatePb(IO3)2(s) 10 13lead(II) iodidePbI2(s) 10 9lead(II) sulfatePbSO4(s) 10 8magnesium carbonateMgCO3(s) 10 6magnesium fluorideMgF2(s) 10 9magnesium hydroxideMg(OH)2(s) 10 12mercury(I) chlorideHg2Cl2(s) 10 18silver bromateAgBrO3(s) 10 5silver bromideAgBr(s) 10 13silver carbonateAg2CO3(s) 10 12silver chlorideAgCl(s) 10 10silver chromateAg2 CrO4(s) 10 12silver iodateAgIO3(s) 10 8silver iodideAgI(s)

9 10 17strontium carbonateSrCO3(s) 10 10strontium fluorideSrF2(s) 10 9strontium sulfateSrSO4(s) 10 7zinc hydroxideZn(OH)2(s) 10 17zinc sulfideZnS(s) 10 25 Values in this table are taken from The CRC Handbook o fChemistry andPhysics,76th Kb for Common Acids and Weak BasesMonoprotic AcidsFormula ofFormulaConjugate EquilibriumNameof AcidBaseConstant, Kaperchloric acidHClO4(aq)ClO4 (aq)very largehydroiodic acidHI(aq)I (aq)very largehydrobromic acid HBr(aq)Br (aq)very largehydrochloric acid HCl(aq)Cl (aq)very largenitric acidHNO3(aq)NO3 (aq)very largehydronium ionH3O+(aq)H20(l) (III) ionFe(H2O)63+(aq)Fe(H2O)5(OH)2+(aq) x 10 3citric acidH3C6H5O7(aq)H2C6H5O7 (aq) x 10 4nitrous acidHNO2(aq)NO2 (aq) x 10 4hydrofluoric acid HF(aq)F (aq) x 10 4hydrogen cyanate HOCNOCN (aq) x 10 4methanoic acid HCHO2; CHO2 (aq)HCOOH(aq) x 10 4chromium(III) ion Cr(H2O)63+(aq)Cr(H2O)5(OH)2+(aq) x 10 4methyl orangeHMo(aq)Mo (aq)~10 4benzoic acidHC7H5O2(aq); C6H5O2 (aq)C6H5 COOH(aq) x 10 5ethanoic (acetic) HC2H3O2(aq).

10 C2H3O2 (aq)acidCH3 COOH(aq) x 10 5aluminum ionAl(H2O)63+(aq)Al(H2O)5(OH)2+(aq) x 10 6bromothymol blue HBb(aq)Bb (aq)~10 7hypochlorous acid HClO(aq)ClO (aq) x 10 8phenolphthaleinHPh(aq)Ph (aq)~10 10hydrocyanic acid HCN(aq)CN (aq) x 10 10ammonium ionNH4+(aq)NH3(aq) x 10 10boric acidH3BO3(aq)H2BO3 (aq) x 10 10phenolC6H5OH(aq)C6H5O (aq) x 10 10hydrogen peroxide H2O2(aq)HO2 (aq) x 10 12waterH2O(l)OH (aq) x 10 14hydroxide ionOH (aq)O2 (aq)very small Values in this table are taken from Lange s Handbook o fChemistry, 13th Edition for 25 AcidsFormula ofFormulaConjugate Equilibrium ConstantNameof AcidBaseKa1Ka2Ka3sulfuric acid H2SO4(aq)HSO4 (aq)very large x 10 2oxalic acidH2C2O4(aq); HOOCCOOH(aq)HC2O4 (aq) x 10 x 10 5sulfurous acid (SO2+ H2O) H2SO3(aq)HSO3 (aq) x 10 x 10 8phosphoric acid H3PO4(aq)H2PO4 (aq)7.