CMOS ANALOG CIRCUIT DESIGN - …

1 cmos ANALOG CIRCUIT DESIGN INTERNATIONAL SECOND EDITION PHILIP E. ALLEN DOUGLAS R. HOLBERG Not for Sale in the or Canada. Content has been changed for the Middle East, Asia, and other markets. Adaptation with the author's approval. New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2010 Contents Preface xiii Chapter 1 Introduction and Background 1 ANALOG Integrated- CIRCUIT DESIGN 1 Notation, Symbology, and Terminology 6 ANALOG Signal Processing 9 Example of ANALOG VLSI Mixed-Signal CIRCUIT DESIGN 10 Summary 15 Problems 16 References 17 Chapters cmos Technology 18 Basic MOS Semiconductor Fabrication Processes 19 The pn Junction 29 The MOS Transistor 36 Passive Components 43 Other Considerations of cmos Technology 48 Integrated CIRCUIT Layout 55 27 Summary 66 Problems 68 References 70 vii viii CONTENTS Chapter 3 cmos Device Modeling 72 Simple MOS Large-Signal Model (SPICE LEVEL 1)

2 73 Other MOS Large-Signal Model Parameters 79 Small-Signal Model for the MOS Transistor 87 Computer Simulation Models 92 Subthreshold MOS Model 97 SPICE Simulation of MOS Circuits 99 37 Summary 109 Problems 110 References 112 Chapter 4 ANALOG cmos Subcircuits 113 MOS Switch 113 MOS Diode/Active Resistor 124 Current Sinks and Sources 126 Current Mirrors 134 Current and Voltage References 143 Bandgap Reference 153 Summary 159 Problems 159 References 166 Chapters cmos Amplifiers 167 Inverters 168 Differential Amplifiers 180 Cascode Amplifiers 199 Current Amplifiers 211 Output Amplifiers 218 High-Gain Amplifier Architectures 229 57 Summary 232 Problems 233 References 242 Chapter 6 cmos Operational Amplifiers 243 DESIGN of cmos Op Amps 244 Compensation of Op Amps 253 DESIGN of Two-Stage Op Amps 269 Power-Supply Rejection Ratio of Two-Stage Op Amps 286 Cascode Op Amps 293 Simulation and Measurement of Op Amps 310 Macromodels for Op Amps 323 Summary 341 Problems 342 References 349 Chapter 7 High-performance cmos Op Amps 351 Buffered Op Amps 352 High-Speed/Frequency Op Amps 368 Differential-Output Op Amps 384 Micropower Op Amps 393 Low-Noise Op Amps 402 Low-Voltage Op Amps 415 Summary 432 Problems 433 References 437 Chapter 8 Comparators 439 Characterization of a

3 Comparator 439 Two-Stage, Open-Loop Comparators 445 CONTENTS Other Open-Loop Comparators 461 Improving the Performance of Open-Loop Comparators 464 Discrete-Time Comparators 475 High-Speed Comparators 483 Summary 488 Problems 488 References 491 Chapter 9 Smitctied Capacitor Circuits 492 Switched Capacitor Circuits 493 Switched Capacitor Amplifiers 507 Switched Capacitor Integrators 520 z-Domain Models of Two-Phase Switched Capacitor Circuits 532 First-Order Switched Capacitor Circuits 544 Second-Order Switched Capacitor Circuits 550 Switched Capacitor Filters 561 Summary 600 Problems 600 References 611 Chapter 10 DigitaHnaloQ and Rnalog-Digital Converters 612 Introduction and Characterization of Digital- ANALOG

4 Converters 613 Parallel Digital- ANALOG Converters 623 Extending the Resolution of Parallel Digital- ANALOG Converters 635 Serial Digital- ANALOG Converters 647 Introduction and Characterization of ANALOG -Digital Converters 652 Serial ANALOG -Digital Converters 665 Medium-Speed ANALOG -Digital Converters 667 High-Speed ANALOG -Digital Converters 682 Oversampling Converters 698 Contents xi Summary 713 Problems 715 References 729 HppendJX Fl CIRCUIT Analysis for ANALOG CIRCUIT DESIGN 733 Appendix В cmos Device Characterization 744 Appendix С Time and Frequency Domain Relationships for Second-Order Systems 768 776