Franco-3930368 fra28167˙fm December 11, 2013 16:50

1 Franco-3930368fra28167 fmDecember 11, 201316:50 DESIGN WITH OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS ANDANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITSiThis page intentionally left blankFranco-3930368fra28167 fmDecember 11, 201316:50 DESIGN WITH OPERATIONALAMPLIFIERS AND ANALOGINTEGRATED CIRCUITSFOURTH EDITIONS ergio FrancoSan Francisco State UniversityiiiFranco-3930368fra28167 fmDecember 11, 201316:50 DESIGN WITH OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, FOURTH EDITIONP ublished by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright 2015 byMcGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.

2 Previouseditions 2002, 1998, and 1988. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed inany form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior writtenconsent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronicstorage or transmission, or broadcast for distance ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customersoutside the United book is printed on acid-free 978-0-07-802816-8 MHID 0-07-802816-7 Senior Vice President, Products & Markets:Kurt L. StrandVice President, General Manager, Products & Markets:Marty LangeVice President, Content Production & Technology Services:Kimberly Meriwether DavidManaging Director:Thomas TimpGlobal Publisher:Raghu SrinivasanMarketing Manager:Nick McFaddenDirector, Content Production:Terri SchieslLead Project Manager:Jane MohrBuyer:Laura FullerCover Designer:Studio Montage, , :MPS TimesPrinter:R.

3 R. DonnelleyAll credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extensionof the copyright of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataFranco, with operational amplifiers and analog integrated circuits / SergioFranco, San Francisco State University. Fourth cm. (McGraw-Hill series in electrical and computer engineering)ISBN 978-0-07-802816-8 (alk. paper)1. Linear integrated circuits. 2. Operational amplifiers. I. dc232013036158 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusionof a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education,and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented atthese fmDecember 11, 201316:50 ABOUT THE AUTHORS ergio Francowas born in Friuli, Italy, and earned his from the Univer-sity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

4 After working in industry, both in the UnitedStates and Italy, he joined San Francisco State University in 1980, where he hascontributed to the formation of many hundreds of successful analog engineers gain-fully employed in Silicon Valley. Dr. Franco is the author of the textbookAnalogCircuit Design Discrete & Integrated, also by McGraw-Hill. More information canbe found in the author s website at fmDecember 11, 201316:50iThis page intentionally left blankFranco-3930368fra28167 fmDecember 11, 201316:50 CONTENTSP refacexi1 Operational Amplifier Operational Op Amp Op Amp Circuit in Op Amp Return Ratio and Blackman s Amp Powering46 Problems52 References65 Appendix 1 AStandard Resistance Values652 Circuits with Resistive Bridge Amplifiers99 Problems105 References1133 active Filters: Part Transfer active filter Second-Order and Biquad active Filters.

5 Part Impedance Converters185viiFranco-3930368fra28167 fmDecember 11, 201316 Switched SC Filters208 Problems214 References2205 Static Op Amp Op Amp Circuit Bias and Offset Op Offset Op Offset Error and Compensation Voltage Range/Output Voltage Ratings259 Problems261 References267 Appendix 5 AData Sheets of the A741 Op Amp2686 Dynamic Op Amp Frequency Frequency and Output of Finite GBP on Integrator of Finite GBP on Amplifiers315 Problems324 References3317 of Amp in Photodiode Op Amps361 Problems365 References3698 Stability and Gain Margin Compensation of Op Amps Circuits with a feedback

6 And feedback -Lead in CFA Circuits414 Franco-3930368fra28167 fmDecember 13, 201317 Amplifiers418 Problems423 References4339 Nonlinear Amplifiers471 Problems477 References48210 Signal Wave Wave Wave Waveform Voltage References and Error Mode current Mode of Boost Converters594 Problems600 References60712 D-A and A-D Conversion DAC Conversion Converters644 Problems652 References655 Franco-3930368fra28167 fmDecember 11, 201316:50xContents13 Nonlinear Amplifiers and Phase-Locked Transconductance PLLS686 Problems693 References696 Index699 Franco-3930368fra28167 fmDecember 11, 201316:50 PREFACED uring the last decades much has been prophesized that there will be little needfor analog circuitry in the future because digital electronics is taking over.

7 Far fromhaving proven true, this contention has provoked controversial rebuttals, as epito-mized by statements such as If you cannot do it in digital, it s got to be done inanalog. Add to this the common misconception that analog design, compared todigital design, seems to be more of a whimsical art than a systematic science, andwhat is the confused student to make of this controversy? Is it worth pursuing somecoursework in analog electronics, or is it better to focus just on digital?There is no doubt that many functions that were traditionally the domain ofanalog electronics are nowadays implemented in digital form, a popular examplebeing offered by digital audio.

8 Here, the analog signals produced by microphonesand other acoustic transducers are suitably conditioned by means of amplifiers andfilters, and are then converted to digital form for further processing, such as mixing,editing, and the creation of special effects, as well as for the more mundane but no lessimportant tasks of transmission, storage, and retrieval. Finally, digital information isconverted back to analog signals for playing through loudspeakers. One of the mainreasons why it is desirable to perform as many functions as possible digitally is thegenerally superior reliability and flexibility of digital circuitry.

9 However,the physicalworld is inherently analog,indicating that there willalwaysbe a need for analogcircuitry to condition physical signals such as those associated with transducers, aswell as to convert information from analog to digital for processing, and from digitalback to analog for reuse in the physical world. Moreover, new applications continueto emerge, where considerations of speed and power make it more advantageous touse analog front ends; wireless communications provide a good many applications today are best addressed by mixed-mode integratedcircuits (mixed-mode ICs) and systems, which rely on analog circuitry to interfacewith the physical world, and digital circuitry for processing and control.

10 Even thoughthe analog circuitry may constitute only a small portion of the total chip area, it isoften the most challenging part to design as well as the limiting factor on the perfor-mance of the entire system. In this respect, it is usually the analog designer who iscalled to devise ingenious solutions to the task of realizing analog functions in decid-edly digital technologies; switched-capacitor techniques in filtering and sigma-deltatechniques in data conversion are popular examples. In light of the above, the needfor competent analog designers will continue to remain very strong. Even purelydigital circuits, when pushed to their operational limits, exhibit analog , a solid grasp of analog design principles and techniques is a valuableasset in the design of any IC, not just purely digital or purely analog BOOKThe goal of this book is the illustration of general analog principles and designmethodologies using practical devices and applications.