MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT

1 MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT . Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Wetlands and Water Synthesis Ecosystems AND HUMAN. WELL-BEING: WETLANDS. AND WATER. Synthesis ISBN 1-56973-597-2. MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT . MILLENNIUM A Report ofEcosystem ASSESSMENT the MILLENNIUM Board ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT The MA Board represents the users of the ndings of the MA process. This report Co-chairs has been prepared to provide Thomas Rosswall Contracting , Executive MohamedParties to the Hassan , Robert T. Watson, Chief Director, International Council Executive Director, Third World Convention Scientist, The World onBank Wetlands for (Ramsar, Iran, 1971)

2 AndAcademy Science - ICSU all those responsible of Sciences for the Achim Steiner , Director Developing World, Italy for Zakri , Director, Institute and involved in implementation of the Convention, and concerned of Advanced Studies, United General, IUCN - The World Jonathan Lash, President, Conservation Union with the future sustainability of wetlands and water, Nations University World Resources with Institute, of a synthesis Halldor Thorgeirsson, United States Institutional the ndings of the MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM Coordinator, ASSESSMENT .

3 United Nations Wangari Maathai, Representatives Framework Convention on Vice Minister for Environment, Salvatore Arico, Climate Change Kenya Programme Of cer, Division ofSynthesis Ecological andTeam Klaus T pfer , Executive Co-chairs: C. Max Finlayson, Rebecca Earth Sciences, Paul Maro , Professor, Nick D'Cruz, United Nations Educational, Director, United Nations Department of Geography, Davidson Scienti c and Cultural Environment Programme University of Dar es Organization Jeff Tschirley, Chief, Salaam, Tanzania Secretariat Support Organizations Synthesis Team Members.

4 Environmental Jacquelineand Alder, NaturalSteve Cork, Rudolf de Groot, The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) coordinates the MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM Peter Bridgewater, Resources Service, Research, Harold (ex of cio), A. Mooney Professor, Department ASSESSMENT Secretariat, which is based at the following partner institutions: ASSESSMENT Panel Christian Secretary L v que, General, Ramsar G. Randy Extension Milton, Garry Peterson, and Training Dave of Biological Pritchard, Sciences, Stanford Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Italy Convention on Wetlands Division, Food and Agriculture University, United States Harold A.

5 Mooney (co-chair), BlakeArba Hama D. Ratner, Diallo, Walter Reid, Carmen Revenga, Mar a Rivera, Frederik of the United Institute of Economic Growth, India Stanford University, United States Executive Secretary, United Marina Motovilova, Faculty Schutyser, Mark Nations International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico (until 2002). Angela Cropper (co-chair), Nations Convention to Siebentritt, Mishka Stuip, Rebecca Tharme Laboratory of of Geography, Combat Deserti cation Riccardo Valentini, Chair, Moscow Region, Russia Meridian Institute, United States The Cropper Foundation, Trinidad Contributing Authors: Stuart Committee Butchart, Ellen Dieme-Amting, on Science and Prasad, EnvironmentHabiba National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Netherlands (until mid-2004).

6 And Tobago Adel El-Beltagy, Director Technology, United Nations Gitay,International General, Steve Raaymakers, Center DouglastoTaylor Centre of the Kerala Sastra Scienti c Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), France Doris Capistrano, Center for Inter- Convention Combat Sahitya Parishad, India national Forestry Research, Indonesia for Agricultural Research in Deserti cation UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre, United Kingdom Dry Areas, Consultative Group Walter V. Reid, Director, Stephen R. Carpenter, University on International Agricultural Hamdallah Zedan, MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM University of Pretoria, South Africa of Wisconsin-Madison, United States Extended Writing Team.

7 Executive Research MA Coordinating Lead Authors, Secretary, Convention ASSESSMENT ,Lead MalaysiaAuthors, and University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States on Biological Diversity United States Kanchan Chopra, Institute of Max Finlayson, Chair, Scien- and Sub-global Coordinators Economic Growth, India Contributing Authors, World Resources Institute (WRI), United States ti c and Technical Review Panel, At-large Members Henry Schacht, Past WorldFish Center, Malaysia Partha Dasgupta, University of Ramsar Convention on Wetlands Fernando Almeida, Executive Chairman of the Board, Lucent Cambridge, United Kingdom Colin Galbraith, Chair, President, Business Council for Technologies, United States Rik Leemans, Wageningen ReviewCouncil, Scienti c Editors: Jos Sarukh n Convention Sustainable and Anne WhytePeter Development-Brazil (Co-chairs).

8 Johan Schei and , MA Maps and graphics: Emmanuelle Bournay and Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal, Norway University, Netherlands on Migratory Species Phoebe Barnard , Global Director, The Fridtjof Nansen Board of Review Editors Invasive Species Programme, Institute, Norway The production of maps and graphics was made possible by the generous support of the Ministry of Robert M. May, University of Erika Harms, Senior Program Foreign Affairs of Norway and UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Oxford, United Kingdom Of cer for Biodiversity, United South Africa Ismail Serageldin, President, Nations Foundation Gordana Beltram, Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt Prabhu Pingali, Food and Robert Hepworth, Acting Undersecretary, Ministry of David Suzuki, Chair, David Photos: Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Italy Executive Secretary, Convention the Environment and Spatial Suzuki Foundation, Canada Front cover.

9 On Migratory Species Planning, Slovenia Rashid Hassan, University of Swaminathan, Ha Tuong/UNEP/Still Pictures Pretoria, South Africa Olav Kj rven, Director, Delmar Blasco, Former Chairman, MS Swaminathan Energy and Environment Group, Secretary General, Ramsar Con- Research Foundation, India Inside front cover: Cristi n Samper, Smithsonian United Nations Development vention on Wetlands, Spain UNEP/Still Pictures National Museum of Natural History, Jos Gal zia Tundisi, Programme Antony Burgmans, Chairman, President, International Institute United States Kerstin Leitner, Assistant Unilever , Netherlands of Ecology, Brazil Page 49.

10 Robert Scholes, Council for Director-General, Sustainable Julio Montes de Oca Scienti c and Industrial Research, Esther Camac-Ramirez, Axel Wenblad, Vice President Development and Healthy Asociaci n Ix Ca Va de Environmental Affairs, Skanska South Africa Inside back cover: Environments, World Health Desarrollo e Informaci n AB, Sweden Robert T. Watson, The World Organization Indigena, Costa Rica UNEP/Still Pictures Bank, United States (ex of cio) Xu Guanhua, Minister, Alfred Oteng-Yeboah, Angela Cropper (ex of cio), Ministry of Science and Back cover: A.