Modern Engineering Thermodynamics - Free

1 Modern EngineeringThermodynamicsThis page intentionally left blankModern EngineeringThermodynamicsRobert T. BalmerAMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDONNEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGOSAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYOA cademic Press is an imprint of ElsevierAcademic Press is an imprint of Elsevier30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USAThe Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writingfrom the publisher.

2 Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher s permissions policiesand our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency,can be found at our book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other thanas may be noted herein).NoticesKnowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden ourunderstanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using anyinformation, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein.

3 In using such information or methods theyshould be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability forany injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from anyuse or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataBalmer, Robert Engineering Thermodynamics / Robert T. Balmerp. 978-0-12-374996-31. Thermodynamics . I. '1 dc222010034092 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British information on all Academic Press publications,visit our by: diacriTech, IndiaPrinted in the United States of America10 11 12 13 6 5 4 3 2 1 DedicationWHAT IS AN ENGINEER AND WHAT DO ENGINEERS DO?

4 The answer is in the word itself. Anerword ending means the practice of. For example, a farmerfarms, abakerbakes, a singersings, a driverdrives, and so forth. But what does an engineerdo? Do theyengine? Yes theydo! The wordenginecomes from the Latiningenerare, meaning to create. About 2000 years ago, the Latin wordingeniumwas used to describe the design of a new machine. Soon after,the wordingenwas being used to describe all machines. In English, ingen was spelled engine and peoplewho designed creative things were known as engine-ers . In French, German, and Spanish today, the word forengineer What Is an Engineer?An engineer is Does an Engineer Do?

5 Engineers create ingenious solutions to society s Book Is Dedicated to All the Future Engineers of the page intentionally left blankContentsPREFACE.. xiiiACKNOWLEDGMENTS .. xviiRESOURCES THAT ACCOMPANY THIS BOOK .. xixLIST OF SYMBOLS.. xxiPROLOGUE .. xxiiiCHAPTER 1 The Beginning .. What Is Thermodynamics ?.. Why Is Thermodynamics Important Today?.. Getting Answers: A Basic Problem Solving Units and Dimensions .. How Do We Measure Things? .. Temperature Classical Mechanical and Electrical Units Systems .. Chemical Units.. Modern Units Systems .. Significant Potential and Kinetic Energies.. 2 Thermodynamic Concepts .. The Language of Thermodynamics .

6 Phases of System States and Thermodynamic Thermodynamic Equilibrium .. Thermodynamic Pressure and Temperature The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics .. The Continuum The Balance Concept .. The Conservation Conservation of Mass.. 3 Thermodynamic Properties.. The Trees and The Why are Thermodynamic Property Values Important?.. Fun with Mathematics.. Some Exciting New Thermodynamic System Energy.. Enthalpy.. Phase Diagrams .. Quality .. Thermodynamic Equations of Thermodynamic Tables .. How Do You Determine the Thermodynamic State ?.. Thermodynamic Charts .. Thermodynamic Property ..90 CHAPTER 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics and Energy Transport Mechanisms.

7 Introducci n (Introduction).. Emmy Noether and the Conservation Laws of Physics .. The First Law of Energy Transport Mechanisms .. Point and Path Functions.. Mechanical Work Modes of Energy Transport .. Nonmechanical Work Modes of Energy Power Modes of Energy Work Efficiency .. The Local Equilibrium Postulate .. The State Heat Modes of Energy Transport.. Heat Transfer A Thermodynamic Problem Solving Technique .. How to Write a Thermodynamics ..138 CHAPTER 5 First Law Closed System Applications .. Introduction .. Sealed, Rigid Containers .. Electrical Devices.. Power Plants .. Incompressible Ideal Gases .. Piston-Cylinder Closed System Unsteady State Processes.

8 The Explosive Energy of Pressure ..160 CHAPTER 6 First Law Open System Applications .. Introduction .. Mass Flow Energy Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Mass Equations for Open Systems .. Flow Stream Specific Kinetic and Potential Energies .. Nozzles and Throttling Devices .. Throttling Heat Exchangers .. Shaft Work Open System Unsteady State Processes ..190 Summary ..197 CHAPTER 7 Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy TransportandProductionMechanisms .. Introduction .. What Is Entropy? .. The Second Law of Thermodynamics .. Carnot s Heat Engine and the Second Law of The Absolute Temperature Scale.

9 Heat Engines Running Clausius s Definition of Numerical Values for Entropy .. Entropy Transport Mechanisms .. Differential Entropy Balance .. Heat Transport of Work Mode Transport of Entropy Production Heat Transfer Production of Entropy .. Work Mode Production of Phase Change Entropy Entropy Balance and Entropy Rate Balance 8 Second Law Closed System Applications.. Systems Undergoing Reversible Systems Undergoing Irreversible Diffusional 9 Second Law Open System Applications .. Mass Flow Transport of Entropy .. Mass Flow Production of Open System Entropy Balance Nozzles, Diffusers, and Throttles .. Heat Exchangers.

10 Shaft Work Unsteady State Processes in Open Comments on the Second Law ..310 CHAPTER 10 Availability Analysis.. What Is Availability? .. Fun with Scalar, Vector, and Conservative Fields .. What are Conservative Forces?.. Maximum Reversible Work .. Local Closed System Availability Balance .. Flow Open System Availability Rate Modified Availability Rate Balance Equation .. Energy Efficiency Based on the Second Law .. 11 More Thermodynamic Relations.. Kynning (Introduction) .. Two New Properties: Helmholtz and Gibbs Gibbs Phase Equilibrium Condition .. Maxwell The Clapeyron Determiningu,h, andsfromp,v, Constructing Tables and Thermodynamic Gas Tables.