Source Book of Alternative Technologies for …

1 Source Book of Alternative Technologiesfor freshwater augmentation in LatinAmerica and the CaribbeanTable of ContentsUNEP - international environmental Technology CentreUnited Nations Environment ProgrammeThis Source Book will also be issued as a volume in the IETC Technical Publication Series byUNEP international environmental Technology Centre, Osaka/Shiga, Japan, of Sustainable Development and EnvironmentGeneral Secretariat, Organization of American StatesWashington, , 1997 Table of ContentsPrefaceList of acronymsTable of (1 of 3) [4/14/2000 12:36:06 PM]Part A. Introduction1. Background2. Objectives3. Organization of the Source book4. How to use the Source book5. Survey methodology6. Summary of the findings7. RecommendationsPart B. Technology profiles1. freshwater augmentation Rainwater harvesting from rooftop Rainwater harvesting in Fog Runoff collection from paved and unpaved Runoff collection using surface and underground Flow diversion structures technical Water conveyance by marine Water conveyance by pipelines, aqueducts, and water Artificial recharge of Pumps powered by non-conventional energy sources2.

2 Water quality improvement Desalination by reverse Desalination by Clarification using plants and plant Disinfection by boiling and Filtration systems3. Wastewater treatment Technologies and Wastewater treatment Wastewater reuseTable of (2 of 3) [4/14/2000 12:36:06 PM]4. Water Raised beds and waru waru Small-scale clay pot and porous capsule Automatic surge flow and gravitational tank irrigation Dual water Other water conservation practicesPart C. Case Rainwater harvesting in Fog harvesting in Underground dams in Seawater/brackish water desalination by reverse osmosis in the British Recycling of industrial effluent in Treated wastewater reuse scheme in Clay pot and porous capsule irrigation in BrazilPart D. AnnexesAnnex 1. AcknowledgmentsAnnex 2 List of participants in the Lima and Barbados workshopA. List of participants in the Lima workshop (19-22 September 1995)B. List of participants in the Barbados workshop (24-27 October 1995)Annex 3 Contributions by workshop participantsA.

3 Workshop on Alternative Technologies for freshwater augmentation in LatinAmericaB. Workshop on Alternative Technologies for freshwater augmentation in theCaribbeanAnnex 4 Table of conversion factors for metric and english unitsTable of (3 of 3) [4/14/2000 12:36:06 PM] PrefaceThe Latin American and Caribbean countries have seen growing pressure on water resources, withincreasing demand and costs, for agricultural, domestic and industrial consumption. This has broughtabout the need to maximize and augment the use of existing or unexploited sources of freshwater . Thereare many modem and traditional Alternative Technologies for improving the utility and augmenting thesupply of water being employed in various countries, but with limited application elsewhere due to thelack of information transfer among water resources managers and Source Book of Alternative Technologies for freshwater augmentation in Latin America and theCaribbean was prepared by the Unit of Sustainable Development and Environment of the GeneralSecretariat of the Organization of American States (OAS) as part of the joint United NationsEnvironment Programme (UNEP) Water Branch and international environmental Technology Centre(IETC)

4 Initiative to provide water resource managers and planners, especially in developing countriesand in countries with economies in transition, with information on the range of Technologies that havebeen developed and used in the various countries throughout the information was gathered through surveys carried out on a regional basis - in Africa, Western Asia,East and Central Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Small Island Developing States. Theresults, including this Source Book, will be compiled into a Global Source Book on AlternativeTechnologies for freshwater augmentation to be used throughout the countries of the is hoped that the Technologies summarized here will be useful in the sustainable development of thecountries of Latin America, the Caribbean and other MeganckWalter RastKirk P. RodgersDirectorDeputy Director ( freshwater )DirectorInternational EnvironmentalWater BranchUnit of SustainableTechnology CentreUnited NationsDevelopment andUnited NationsEnvironment ProgrammeEnvironmentEnvironment ProgrammeNairobi, KenyaOrganization of American StatesShiga, JapanWashington.

5 America and the Caribbean - Map NO 3453 United Nations [4/14/2000 12:36:08 PM] List of acronyms$ dollarsASAEA merican Society of Agricultural Engineers ( )ASCEA merican Society of Civil Engineers ( )AWWAA merican Water Works Association ( )CATHALACC entro del Agua del Tr pico H medo para Am rica Latina y el CaribeCATIEC entro Agron mico Tropical de Investigaci n y Ense anza (Costa Rica)CEHIC aribbean environmental Health Institute (Saint Lucia)CEPIAC entro de Proyectos Integrales Andinos (Peru)CESTAC entro Salvadore o de Tecnolog a Apropiada (El Salvador)CIASC entro de Investigaci n Agropecuaria Salcedo (Peru)CIDIATI nter-American Center for Development and environmental and Territorial ResearchCIPC entro Internacional de la PapaCMIC aribbean Meteorological InstituteCONAFC orporaci n Nacional Forestal (Chile)CONICETC onsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog a (Argentina)CPATSAC entro de Pesquisa Agropecu ria do Tr pico Semi- rido (Brazil)CREAC entro de Reconversi n del Azuay, Ca ar y Morona Santiago (Ecuador)CRLC onsumer Research Laboratory ( )

6 DAEED epartamento de Agua y Energia El trica (Brazil)DGRHD irecci n General de Recursos H dricos (Honduras)EMBRAPAE mpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecu ria (Brazil)ESCAPE conomic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (of the United Nations)FAOFood and Agriculture Organization (of the United Nations)FUDECOF undaci n para el Desarrollo de la Regi n Centro Occidental (Venezuela)GS/OASG eneral Secretariat of the Organization of American StatesIADIZAI nstituto Argentino de Investigaci n de las Zonas AridasIDAI nternational Desalination AssociationIDBI nter-American Development BankIDRCI nternational Development Research Centre (Canada)IETCI nternational environmental Technology Centre (of the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme)IHHI nstituto de Hidr ulica e Hidrolog a (Bolivia)List of (1 of 3) [4/14/2000 12:36:09 PM]IICAI nstituto Interamericano de Cooperaci n para la AgriculturaIICTI nstituto de Investigaciones de Ciencias T cnicas (Argentina)IIDSAI nstituto de Investigaci n para el Desarrollo Social del Altiplano (Peru)INADEI nstituto Nacional de Desarrollo (Peru)INCYTHI nstituto Nacional de Ciencia y T cnica H drica (Argentina)INDRHII nstituto Nacional de Recursos Hidr ulicos (Dominican Republic)INIAAI nstituto Nacional de Investigaci n Agropecuaria y Agroindustrial (Peru)INRENAI nstituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (Peru)INSIVUMEHI nstituto Nacional de Sismolog a, Vulcanolog a, Meteorolog a e Hidrolog a (Guatemala)ISAI nstituto Superior de Agricultura (Dominican Republic)IWRNI nter-American Water Resources NetworkMARNRM inisterio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales Renovables (Venezuela)NAPHCCN ational Association of Plumbing, Heating and Cooling Contractors ( )NGONon-governmental OrganizationNRECAN ational Rural Electric Cooperative Association ( )

7 OMMO rganizaci n Meteorol gica MundialPAHOPan American Health OrganizationPELTP royecto Especial Lago Titicaca (Peru/Bolivia)PISAP royecto de Investigaci n de Sistemas Agropecuarios Andinos (Peru)PIWAP rograma Interinstitucional de Waru Waru (Peru)PROMAFP rograma Manejo de Agua a Nivel de Finca (Dominican Republic)SNEPS ervice National d'Eau Potable (Haiti)UAEMU niversidad Aut noma del Estado de M xico (Mexico)UFRNU niversidad Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil)UMSAU niversidad Mayor de San Andr s (Bolivia)UNAU niversidad Nacional del Altiplano (Peru)UNDPU nited Nations Development ProgrammeUNEPU nited Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCOU nited Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural OrganizationUSAIDU nited States Agency for international DevelopmentUSDE/OASUnit of Sustainable Development and Environment, Organization of American StatesUSEPAU nited States environmental Protection AgencyVITAV olunteers in Technical Assistance ( )WHOW orld Health OrganizationWMOW orld Meteorologial OrganizationList of (2 of 3) [4/14/2000 12:36:09 PM] List of (3 of 3) [4/14/2000 12:36:09 PM] (1 of 2) [4/14/2000 12:36:10 PM] (2 of 2) [4/14/2000 12:36:10 PM] 1.

8 BackgroundGrowing demands for water and the increasing costs of water supply are resulting in a need for countriesto maximize the use of their existing water supplies and make use of hitherto unexploited freshwaterresources. Numerous techniques, modem and traditional, for improving the use, and augmenting theavailability, of water resources have been developed and implemented in different parts of the include, among others, wastewater reuse and recycling, desalination, and rainwater harvesting. Inmany developing countries, the application of these Technologies has been limited by lack of informationon the approaches available and how well they Latin America and the Caribbean, even where rainfall is abundant, access to clean water has beenrestricted by the contamination of water resources, the lack of adequate storage facilities, and the absenceof effective delivery systems. In the Caribbean, many small island states also face severe constraints interms of both the quantity and the quality of freshwater due to their particular geographical, geological,topographic, and climatic 18 of Agenda 21, the Action Programme of the United Nations Conference on Environment andDevelopment (UNCED, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992), deals with the utilization of appropriatetechnologies in water supply and sanitation.

9 Improved access to information on environmentally soundtechnologies has been identified as a key factor in developing and transferring Technologies to and amongdeveloping countries. Chapter 34 of Agenda 21 addresses this need by promoting the transfer ofenvironmentally sound Technologies , through improved cooperation and building capacity, amongdeveloping countries. The primary means of transferring environmentally sound Technologies is throughimproved access to technical information that will enable developing countries to make informed choicesthat will lead to the adoption of Technologies appropriate to their provide the basis for such informed choices, the United Nations environmental Programme (UNEP),in cooperation with the Unit of Sustainable Development and Environment (USDE) of the GeneralSecretariat of the Organization of American States (OAS), undertook the Project on AlternativeTechnologies for freshwater augmentation in Latin America and the Caribbean. An agreement toexecute the project was signed by the two organizations in May 1995.

10 UNEP is represented in the projectby the Water Branch, located in Nairobi, Kenya, and by the international environmental TechnologyCentre (IETC), in Shiga, gather the information necessary to develop an inventory of available Technologies , UNEP and theOAS sponsored two Workshops on Alternative Technologies for freshwater augmentation in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean. The first, for Latin American countries, was held from September 19 to 22,1995, in Lima, Peru, hosted by the Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA). The second, forCaribbean countries, took place from October 24 to 27, 1995, in Christ Church, Barbados, hosted by theCaribbean Meteorological Institute (CMI). Both Workshops were supported by the Inter-AmericanProgram of the OAS Inter-American Center for Development, Environment, and Territorial Research(CIDIAT). The results form the contents of this Source Book of Technologies for Freshwater1. (1 of 2) [4/14/2000 12:36:11 PM] augmentation in Latin America and the Caribbean.