TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview - IBM Redbooks

1 Tutorial and Technical OverviewLydia ParzialeDavid T. BrittChuck DavisJason ForresterWei LiuCarolyn MatthewsNicolas RosselotUnderstand networking fundamentals of the TCP/IP protocol suiteIntroduces advanced concepts and new technologiesIncludes the latest TCP/IP protocolsFront coverTCP/IP Tutorial and Technical OverviewDecember 2006 International Technical Support OrganizationGG24-3376-07 Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1989-2006. All rights to Government Users Restricted Rights -- Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADPS chedule Contract with IBM Edition (December 2006)Note: Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in Notices on page xvii.

2 Copyright IBM Corp. 1989-2006. All rights .. xviiTrademarks .. xviiiPreface .. xixThe team that wrote this redbook .. xxBecome a published author .. xxiiComments welcome .. xxiiiPart 1. Core TCP/IP protocols .. 1 Chapter 1. Architecture, history, standards, and trends.. TCP/IP architectural model .. Internetworking .. The TCP/IP protocol layers .. TCP/IP applications.. The roots of the Internet .. ARPANET .. NSFNET .. Commercial use of the Internet .. Internet2 .. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model .. TCP/IP standards .. Request for Comments (RFC).

3 Internet standards .. Future of the Internet .. Multimedia applications .. Commercial use .. The wireless Internet .. RFCs relevant to this chapter .. 27 Chapter 2. Network interfaces .. Ethernet and IEEE 802 local area networks (LANs) .. Gigabit Ethernet .. Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI).. Serial Line IP (SLIP) .. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) .. Point-to-point encapsulation .. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) .. 39iv TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Frame relay .. Frame format.. Interconnect issues .. Data link layer parameter negotiation.

4 IP over frame relay .. PPP over SONET and SDH circuits .. Physical layer .. Multi-Path Channel+ (MPC+) .. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) .. Address resolution (ATMARP and InATMARP) .. Classical IP over ATM .. ATM LAN emulation .. Classical IP over ATM versus LAN emulation.. Multiprotocol over ATM (MPOA) .. Benefits of MPOA .. MPOA logical components .. MPOA functional components.. MPOA operation .. RFCs relevant to this chapter .. 64 Chapter 3. Internetworking protocols .. Internet Protocol (IP) .. IP addressing .. IP subnets.

5 IP routing .. Methods of delivery: Unicast, broadcast, multicast, and anycast .. The IP address exhaustion problem .. Intranets: Private IP addresses .. Network Address Translation (NAT) .. Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) .. IP datagram.. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) .. ICMP messages .. ICMP applications .. Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) .. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) .. ARP Overview .. ARP detailed concept .. ARP and subnets .. Proxy-ARP or transparent subnetting .. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP).

6 RARP concept.. Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) .. 125 Contents BOOTP forwarding .. BOOTP considerations .. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) .. The DHCP message format .. DHCP message types .. Allocating a new network address.. DHCP lease renewal process .. Reusing a previously allocated network address .. Configuration parameters repository .. DHCP considerations .. BOOTP and DHCP interoperability .. RFCs relevant to this chapter .. 140 Chapter 4. Transport layer protocols.. Ports and sockets .. Ports .. Sockets .. User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

7 UDP datagram format .. UDP application programming interface .. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) .. TCP concept .. TCP application programming interface .. TCP congestion control algorithms .. RFCs relevant to this chapter .. 170 Chapter 5. Routing protocols.. Autonomous systems .. Types of IP routing and IP routing algorithms .. Static routing .. Distance vector routing .. Link state routing .. Path vector routing .. Hybrid routing .. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) .. RIP packet types .. RIP packet format .. RIP modes of operation.

8 Calculating distance vectors .. Convergence and counting to infinity .. RIP limitations .. Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIP-2) .. RIP-2 packet format .. 190vi TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical RIP-2 limitations .. RIPng for IPv6 .. Differences between RIPng and RIP-2 .. RIPng packet format .. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) .. OSPF terminology .. Neighbor communication .. OSPF neighbor state machine .. OSPF route redistribution .. OSPF stub areas.. OSPF route summarization .. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP).

9 Features of EIGRP .. EIGRP packet types .. Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) .. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) .. BGP concepts and terminology.. IBGP and EBGP communication .. Protocol description.. Path selection .. BGP synchronization.. BGP aggregation.. BGP confederations .. BGP route reflectors .. Routing protocol selection .. Additional functions performed by the router.. Routing processes in UNIX-based systems .. RFCs relevant to this chapter .. 235 Chapter 6. IP multicast .. Multicast addressing .. Multicasting on a single physical network.

10 Multicasting between network segments .. Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) .. IGMP messages .. IGMP operation .. Multicast delivery tree .. Multicast forwarding algorithms .. Reverse path forwarding algorithm .. Center-based tree algorithm .. Multicast routing protocols .. Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) .. Protocol Overview .. 254 Contents Building and maintaining multicast delivery trees .. DVMRP tunnels.. Multicast OSPF (MOSPF) .. Protocol Overview .. MOSPF and multiple OSPF areas .. MOSPF and multiple autonomous systems.