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1 This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank A History of ModernPsychologyTENTH EDITIONDUANE P. SCHULTZU niversity of South FloridaSYDNEY ELLEN SCHULTZA ustralia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United StatesThis is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

2 For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. A History of Modern Psychology,Tenth Publisher: Linda Schreiber-GansterExecutive Editor: Jon-David HagueEditorial Assistant: Sheli DeNolaSenior Marketing Manager: ElizabethRhodenMarketing Communications Manager:Laura LocalioMarketing Coordinator: Janay PryorMedia Editor: Lauren KeyesSenior Art Director: Pamela GalbreathPrint Buyer: Karen HuntRights Acquisition Specialist, Text/Image:Dean DauphinaisPhoto Researcher: PreMediaGlobalText Researcher: PreMediaGlobalCompositor: PreMediaGlobalCover Image: Cover Collage: Face: Michelangelo, Selected Works/PlanetArt; Shell: Natural Patterns/PhotoDisc;clock: ZIVANA.

3 Column iStockphoto/Darya SharymovaCover Designer: William Stanton, StantonDesignTo Russ Nazzarowho asked the department snewest assistant professor,one day long ago How would you like to teachthe history of psychology? 2011 Wadsworth, Cengage LearningALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyrightherein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or byany means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limitedto photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribu-tion, information networks, or information storage and retrieval sys-tems, except as permitted under Section107or108of the1976 UnitedStates Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of product information and technology assistance, contact us atCengage Learning Customer & Sales Support.

4 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product,submit all requests online permissions questions can be emailed of Congress Control Number:2011921415 ISBN-13:978-1-111-34497-9 ISBN-10:1-111-34497-3 Wadsworth20 Davis DriveBelmont, CA94002-3098 USAC engage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutionswith office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the UnitedKingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office Learning products are represented in Canada byNelson Education, your course and learning solutions, any of our products at your local college store or at ourpreferred online in the United States of America12345671514131211 Brief ContentsContents ivIn Their Own Words xivPreface xviCHAPTER1 The Study of the History of Psychology1 CHAPTER2 Philosophical Influences on Psychology21 CHAPTER3 Physiological Influences on Psychology47 CHAPTER4 The New Psychology65 CHAPTER5 Structuralism87 CHAPTER6 Functionalism: Antecedent Influences102 CHAPTER7 Functionalism.

5 Development and Founding127 CHAPTER8 Applied Psychology: The Legacy of Functionalism159 CHAPTER9 Behaviorism: Antecedent Influences190 CHAPTER10 Behaviorism: The Beginnings211 CHAPTER11 Behaviorism: After the Founding234 CHAPTER12 Gestalt Psychology261 CHAPTER13 Psychoanalysis: The Beginnings286 CHAPTER14 Psychoanalysis: After the Founding320 CHAPTER15 Contemporary Developments in Psychology351 Glossary 373 References 378 Name Index 405 Subject Index 411iiiContentsIn Their Own 1 The Study of the History of 1 Did You See the Clown?1 Why Study the History of Psychology?1 The Development of Modern Psychology3 The Data of History: Reconstructing Psychology s Past4 Historiography.

6 How We Study History 4 Lost or Suppressed Data 6 Data Distorted in Translation 7 Self-Serving Data 8 Contextual Forces in Psychology9 Economic Opportunity 9 The World Wars 10 Prejudice and Discrimination 10 Conceptions of Scientific History14 The Personalistic Theory 14 The Naturalistic Theory 15 Schools of Thought in the Evolution of Modern Psychology16 Plan of the Book18 Discussion Questions19 Recommended Resources19 CHAPTER 2 Philosophical Influences on 21 The Defecating Duck and the Glory of France21 The Spirit of Mechanism21 The Clockwork Universe23 Determinism and Reductionism 23 Automata 24 People as Machines 25 The Calculating Engine 26 The Beginnings of Modern Science29 Ren Descartes (1596 1650) 29 The Contributions of Descartes: Mechanism and the Mind-Body Problem31 The Nature of the Body 32 The Mind-Body Interaction 33 The Doctrine of Ideas 34 Philosophical Foundations of the New Psychology.

7 Positivism, Materialism,and Empiricism34 Auguste Comte (1798 1857) 34ivJohn Locke (1632 1704) 36 George Berkeley (1685 1753) 39 David Hartley (1705 1757) 41 James Mill (1773 1836) 41 John Stuart Mill (1806 1873) 42 Contributions of Empiricism to Psychology44 Discussion Questions45 Recommended Resources45 CHAPTER 3 Physiological Influences on 47 David K. Makes a Mistake: The Importance of the Human Observer47 Developments in Early Physiology49 Research on Brain Functions: Mapping from the Inside 49 Research on Brain Functions: Mapping from the Outside 50 Research on the Nervous System 52 The Mechanistic Spirit 53 The Beginnings of Experimental Psychology54 Why Germany?

8 54 Hermann von Helmholtz (1821 1894)55 Helmholtz s Life 56 Helmholtz s Contributions to the New Psychology 57 Ernst Weber (1795 1878)57 Two-Point Thresholds 58 Just Noticeable Differences 58 Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801 1887)59 Fechner s Life 59 Mind and Body: A Quantitative Relationship 60 Methods of Psychophysics 61 The Formal Founding of Psychology64 Discussion Questions64 Recommended Resources64 CHAPTER 4 The New 65No Multitasking Allowed65 The Founding Father of Modern Psychology66 Wilhelm Wundt (1832 1920)67 Wundt s Life 67 The Leipzig Years 68 Cultural Psychology 69 The Study of Conscious Experience 71 The Method of Introspection 72 Elements of Conscious Experience 73 Organizing the Elements of Conscious Experience 74 The Fate of Wundt s Psychology in Germany 75 Criticisms of Wundtian Psychology 76 Wundt s Legacy 77 ContentsvOther Developments in German Psychology77 Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850 1909)77 Ebbinghaus s Life 78 Research on Learning 78 Research with Nonsense Syllables 79 Other Contributions to Psychology 80 Franz Brentano (1838 1917)81 The Study of Mental Acts 81 Carl Stumpf (1848 1936)

9 82 Phenomenology 82 Oswald K lpe (1862 1915)83K lpe s Differences with Wundt 83 Systematic Experimental Introspection 84 Imageless Thought 84 Research Topics of the W rzburg Laboratory 85 Comment85 Discussion Questions86 Recommended Resources86 CHAPTER 87 Swallow the Rubber Tube A College Prank?87 Edward Bradford Titchener (1867 1927)88 Titchener s Life 88 Titchener s Experimentalists: No Women Allowed! 90 The Content of Conscious Experience 92 Introspection 94 The Elements of Consciousness 96 Criticisms of Structuralism98 Criticisms of Introspection 98 Additional Criticisms of Titchener s System 100 Contributions of Structuralism100 Discussion Questions101 Recommended Resources101 CHAPTER 6 Functionalism: Antecedent 102 Scientist Captivated by Childlike Jenny102 The Functionalist Protest103 The Evolution Revolution: Charles Darwin (1809 1882)103 Darwin s Life 105On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection108 The Finches Beaks.

10 Evolution at Work 110 Darwin s Influence on Psychology 111 Individual Differences: Francis Galton (1822 1911)113 Galton s Life 113 Mental Inheritance 115 Statistical Methods 117 Mental Tests 117 The Association of Ideas 119viContentsMental Imagery 119 Arithmetic by Smell and Other Topics 120 Comment 120 Animal Psychology and the Development of Functionalism121 George John Romanes (1848 1894) 122C. Lloyd Morgan (1852 1936) 123 Comment 124 Discussion Questions124 Recommended Resources125 CHAPTER7 Functionalism: Development and 127 Evolution s Neurotic Philosopher127 Evolution Comes to America: Herbert Spencer (1820 1903)128 Social Darwinism 128 Synthetic Philosophy 129 The Continuing Evolution of Machines129 Henry Hollerith and the Punched Cards 130 William James (1842 1910): Anticipator of Functional Psychology131 James s Life 131 The Principle of Psychology135 The Subject Matter of Psychology.