Transcription of CHAPTER 7 ALCOHOLS, THIOLS, PHENOLS, ETHERS
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CHAPTER 7 ALCOHOLS, THIOLS, PHENOLS, ETHERS
CHAPTER 7 ALCOHOLS, THIOLS, PHENOLS, ETHERS Several new functional groups are presented in this CHAPTER . All of thefunctions are based on oxygen and sulfur in the sp2 hybridized state. Thefunctional groups contain two pairs of non-bonding electrons and are thecornerstone of many organic processes. The structures for alcohols, phenols, thiols, ETHERS and thioethers are shown NomenclaturePriorities in nomenclatureSeveral functional groups have been encountered as we have advancedthrough the chapters. When a new functional group is presented, its nomenclatureis always based on the parent name with an ending that designates the functionalgroup. When several functional groups are present in a molecule, priority rulesmust be used to determine which function is the parent system that determines thenumbering of the system and the suffix used in the final priority list is as follows:carboxylic acids > aldehydes> ketones> alcohols > amines > alkene > alkyne> alkyl, halogen, nitroThus a compound that contained hydroxy, alkene and ketone functionswould be named as a ketone with the ketone getting the lowest number possible, andsubstituents are numbered accordingly and named in alphabetical the compound on the left is named as an alcohol, but the one on theright is named as a ketone even though both compounds have the seven carbonbackbone.
CH 2=CHCH 3 H 3O H 3O CH 3CH 2OH CH 3CHCH 3 OH Ethanol is also produced as a supplement for auto fuels by fermentation of the carbohydrates found in grain. The process gives ethanol that contains 5% water after distillation. The water is removed by reaction with lime, calcium oxide. Grignard Reactions with Carbonyl Compounds
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