Appendix B Glossary - Princeton University

1 Appendix BGlossaryAbbreviations and AcronymsACAPACCPACerSAIChEAISTAI-Li alloysAMRFARALLASTMBRITEBMFTCADCAFECAMCA MDECCARECBCCMCCNC machinesCNRSCoComCoGSMECOMATCVDDARDARPAD oD320 Advanced CompositeAirframe Program Advanced Ceramics andComposites Partnership American Ceramics Society American Institute ofChemical Engineers Agency of Industrial Scienceand Technology (Japan) aluminum-lithium alloys Automated ManufacturingResearch Facility aramid-reinforced aluminumcomposite American Society for theTesting of Materials Basic Research in IndustrialTechnologies for Europe Ministry for Research andTechnology (West Germany) computer-aided design corporate average fleet fueleconomy computer-aidedmanufacturing Ceramic AdvancedManufacturing Developmentand Engineering Center Ceramic Applications forReciprocating Engines (UnitedKingdom) chemically-bonded ceramic ceramic matrix composite computer numericallycontrolled machine tools Centre Nationale de laRecherche Scientifique(France) Coordinating Committee forMultilateral Export Controls Composites Group of theSociety of ManufacturingEngineers Committee on Materials chemical vapor deposition Defense AcquisitionRegulations Defense Avanced ResearchProjects Agency Department of DefenseDOE Department of EnergyDTI Department of Trade andIndustry (United Kingdom)

2 DTIC Defense TechnicalInformation CenterEAP Experimental Aircraft ProgramEAR Export AdministrationRegulationsEC European CommunityEFA European Fighter AircraftEG electrogalvanizationELlSA Export License Status AdvisorERC Engineering Research CenterEURAM, EURAM II European Research onAdvanced Materials ProgramsEUREKA a European cooperativeresearch programFAA Federal AviationAdministrationFAR Federal AcquisitionRegulationsFDA Food and DrugAdministrationFMS Federation of MaterialsSocietiesFRP fiber-reinforced plasticsGIRI Government IndustrialResearch Institutes (Japan)GIFRP glass fiber-reinforced plasticGNP Gross National ProductGPa gigapascal (billions ofnewtons per square meter)GrFRP graphite fiber-reinforcedplasticHIP hot isostatic pressingHPC high-performance ceramicsHSLA high-strength, low-alloy steelHSRTM high-speed resin transfermoldingIDE investigational deviceexemptionIEA International Energy AgencyIOP-TK innovation-Oriented ResearchProgram Technical Ceramics(Netherlands)IR&D Independent Research andDevelopmentIRSIA Institute for theEncouragement of ScientificResearch in Industry andAgriculture (Belgium)App B.

3 Glossary . 321 ITAR International Traffic in ArmsRegulationsITPA Industrial TechnologyPromotion AssociationIVL individual validated licenseJAPATIC Japan Patent InformationCenterJDB Japan Development BankJFCA Japan Fine CeramicsAssociationJFCC Japan Fine Ceramics CenterJITA Japan Industrial TechnologyAssociationJRDC Japan Research andDevelopment Corporationksi thousand pounds per squareinchLCP liquid crystal polymerLEFM linear elastic fracturemechanicsManTech Program Manufacturing TechnologiesMAPMDF cementMITIMMCMPaMsiNACRANASANASPNBSNC machinesNCMCNDT, NDENIRIMNRDCNSFNTISP rogram Manufacturing AutomationProtocol macro-defect free cement Ministry of InternationalTrade and industry (Japan) metal matrix composite megapascal (millions ofnewtons per square meter) millions of pounds per squareinch National Applied CeramicResearch Association National Aeronautics andSpace Administration National Aerospace Plane National Bureau of Standards numerically controlledmachine tools National Critical MaterialsCouncil nondestructive testing,nondestructive evaluation National Institute forResearch on InorganicMaterials (Japan) National Research andDevelopment Corporation(United Kingdom) National Science Foundation National TechnicalInformation ServiceOTAPANPBTPEEKPESPETPMCPPSPVDR&DRA NN ProgramRIMRSTRTMSAESACMASAICSAMPESBIR ProgramSDISIC codeSMESMCSPESPISPIESSRISTASTELAUSACAVAM AS Office of TechnologyAssessment polyacrylonitrile poly (phenylbenzo-bisthiazole)

4 Polyether etherketone polyether sulfone polyethyleneterephthalate polymer matrix composite polyphenylene sulphide physical vapor deposition research and development Research Applied to NationalNeeds Program reaction injection molding rapid solidificationtechnology resin transfer molding Society of AutomotiveEngineers Suppliers of AdvancedComposite MaterialsAssociation Science ApplicationsInternational Corporation Society for the Advancementof Material and ProcessEngineering Small Business InnovationResearch Program Strategic Defense Initiative Standard IndustrialClassification code Society of ManufacturingEngineers sheet molding compound Society of Plastics Engineers Society of the PlasticsIndustry Society of Photo-OpticalInstrumentation Engineers Swedish Silicate ResearchInstitute Science and TechnologyAgency (Japan) System for Tracking ExportLicense Applications United States AdvancedCeramics Association Versailles Project onAdvanced Materials andStandards322 Advanced Materials by DesignGlossary of Termsablative materials: Materials that protect the structureof aircraft or missiles from the high temperaturesgenerated by air friction by themselves becomingmelted or vaporized,adiabatic: Referring to any process in which there isno gain or loss of ceramics: Ceramics made from extremelypure starting materials and consolidated at hightemperatures to yield dense, durable composites: Polymer matrix compositesreinforced with continuous fibers, usually graph-ite, aramid, or high-stiffness glass.

5 These compositesgenerally have high strength and stiffness, lightweight, and are relatively materials: Materials that are built up fromconstituents and whose properties are tailored tomeet the requirements of specific end : Inert filler material such as sand or gravelused with a cementing medium to form concreteor : A material having metallic properties and con-sisting of two or more : Showing different physical or mechani-cal properties in different : Lightweight polyaromatic amide fibers hav-ing excellent high temperature, flame, and electri-cal properties. These fibers are used as high-strength reinforcement in : In advanced composites, referring to the direc-tion parallel to the orientation of the continuousfiber or biomaterials: Ceramics or other ma-terials that are compatible with biological tissues,and that therefore can be used inside the fracture: A break in a brittle material due tothe propagation of cracks originating at composites: Composites consisting ofpyrolyzed carbon matrices reinforced with carbonfibers.

6 With appropriate coatings to prevent oxida-tion, these composites are capable of withstand-ing extremely high : These fibers, which are the domi-nant reinforcement in advanced composites, areproduced by pyrolysis of an organic precursor, (PAN), or petroleum pitch, in aninert atmosphere. Depending on the process tem-perature, fibers having high strength or high elas-tic modulus may be : A dry powder made from silica, alumina,lime, iron oxide, and magnesia that forms a hard-ened paste when mixed with water; it may be usedin this form as a structural material, or used as abinder with aggregate to form : An inorganic, nonmetallic matrix composite: A composite consisting ofa ceramic matrix reinforced with ceramic particu-Iates, whiskers, or pattern: The pattern of resins and reinforce-ments introduced into a mold prior to the ceramics: Used here to distin-guish advanced cements and concretes, which areconsolidated through chemical reactions at am-bient temperatures (generally involving uptake ofwater) from high performance ceramics, such assilicon nitride and silicon carbide, which are den-sified at high of thermal expansion: The change in vol-ume of a material associated with a 1 degree in-crease in.

7 Any combination of particles, whiskers,or fibers in a common stress: A stress that causes an elastic bodyto shorten in the direction of the applied : A mixture of aggregate, water, and a binder(usually portland cement) that hardens to a stone-Iike condition when of parts: Integration of a number of for-merly discrete parts into a single part that encom-passes several functions; a key advantage of engi-neered materials such as ceramics and fiber: A reinforcing fiber in a compositethat has a length comparable to the dimensions ofthe : A time-dependent strain of a solid, caused material: A material whose availability is con-sidered to be extremely important in time of na-tional emergency or for the economic well-beingof a : The formation of chemical bonds be-tween formerly separate polymer : A homogeneous solid in which the atoms ormolecules are arranged in a regularly : Process in which thermosetting resins are con-verted by chemical reactions into solid, crosslinkedstructures.

8 Usually accomplished by the applicationof heat and : Deformation of a material produced with-out , plastic deformation: Any alteration ofshape or dimensions of a body caused by stresses,thermal expansion or contraction, chemical ormetallurgical transformations, or shrinkage and ex-pansion due to moisture : Separation of a layered structure intoits constituent B. Glossary . 323dielectric: A material that is an electrical insulator orin which an electric field can be sustained with aminimum dissipation in : The movement of mass, in the form of dis-crete atoms or molecules, through a : Finely divided particles of one materialheld in suspension in another technology: A technology with both militaryand commercial : The ability of a material to be plasticallydeformed by elongation without : A borosilicate glass most used for glass fibersin reinforced : The property whereby a solid material de-forms under stress but recovers its original config-uration when the stress is.

9 A process in which a hot or cold semisoftsolid material, such as metal or plastic, is forcedthrough the orifice of a die to produce a continu-ously formed piece in the shape of the : Collapse, breakage, or bending of a structureor structural element such that it can no longer ful-fill its : Failure of a material by cracking resulting fromrepeated or cyclic plastic: An inexpensive, relativelylow-strength composite usually consisting of shortglass fibers in a polyester or vinylester matrix; tobe distinguished from an advanced : A process of separating particulate matterfrom a fluid, by passing the fluid carrier througha medium that will not pass the : Any bending deformation of an elastic bodyin which the points originally lying on any straightline are displaced to form a plane stress: The minimum stress that will causefracture, also known as fracture : A state of matter that is amorphous or disor-dered like a liquid in structure, hence capable ofcontinuous composition variation and lacking atrue melting point, but softening gradually with in-creasing : Solid material, partly crystalline andpartly glassy, formed by the controlled crystalliza-tion of certain.

10 One of many crystallite comprising a poly-crystalline state, greenware: A term for formed ceramicarticles in the unfired : Resistance of a material to indentation,scratching, abrasion, or exchanger: A device that transfers heat from onefluid to another or to the environment, an au-tomobile treatment: Heating and cooling of a material toobtain desired properties or low-alloy steel: Steel containing smallamounts of niobium or vanadium, and having su-perior strength, toughness, and resistance to cor-rosion compared with carbon : A technique for recording and laterreconstructing the amplitude and phase distribu-tions of a wave isostatic pressing: A