BlackRock Securities Lending

1 BlackRock Securities Lending Unlocking the potential of portfolios January 2021 | Securities Lending Introduction: In summary: Securities Lending is a well-established practice whereby While not without risk, Securities Lending seeks to registered funds, such as mutual funds, make loans benefit the fund. of Securities to seek an incremental increase in returns for BlackRock has focused on delivering competitive fund shareholders. returns while balancing return, risk and cost in its three This paper explains the basics of Securities Lending , decades of Lending Securities on behalf of outlines the benefits and risks for investors, and describes shareholders. BlackRock 's leading approach to Securities Lending . Since 1981, BlackRock has delivered positive monthly Lending income for every fund that has participated in Basics of Securities Lending Securities Lending , including mutual funds. In Securities Lending transactions, mutual funds lend stocks or bonds to generate additional returns for Benefits of Securities Lending the funds.

2 Mutual fund investors can benefit from Securities Lending Here's how it works: first, a large financial institution asks in the form of fund performance. How? The mutual fund to borrow a stock or bond from a mutual fund. In order to seeks to generate additional income through the rate that borrow the stock or bond, the financial institution will it charges for Lending Securities (if applicable), and/or income on the reinvestment of the collateral that the negotiate financial terms with the Lending agent of the borrower provides in exchange for the loan. mutual fund and provide collateral. The mutual fund keeps the collateral to secure repayment in case the Securities Lending returns typically vary by asset class and borrower fails to return the loaned stock or bond. The the underlying demand for Securities . Of the BlackRock value of the collateral is required to be at least equal to mutual funds that participated in Securities Lending the market value of the loaned stock or bond.

3 During the 12-months ended December 31, 2020, approximately 53% of the funds earned less than , The financial institution typically uses the stock or bond 31% of the funds earned between and , 9%. to hedge against market risks, facilitate a short sale, or of the funds earned between and , and 7%. use as collateral in another transaction. of the funds earned greater than of the total net See the flow chart on the next page for an example of assets of the fund. how a Securities Lending transaction works. BlackRock has focused Since 1981, BlackRock has While not without risk, on delivering competitive delivered positive monthly Securities Lending seeks returns while balancing Lending income for every to benefit the fund. return, risk and cost in its fund that has participated four decades of Lending in Securities Lending , Securities on behalf of including mutual funds. shareholders. L&LH0221U/S-1538534-1/6. Example of how it works: Risks of Securities Lending : To start the process: While every investment bears some risk, BlackRock takes a rigorous, hands-on approach to Securities Lending and has 1.

4 A large financial institution asks to borrow a stock or bond delivered positive Lending income for every fund that has from a mutual fund. The mutual fund asks for collateral to participated in Securities Lending since 1981, including secure the loan. BlackRock mutual funds. 2. Once collateral is received, the mutual fund lends the stock The primary risks of Securities Lending are borrower default risk or bond to the financial institution (the borrower). and collateral re-investment risk. Borrower default risk Securities Lending involves the risk that the borrower may Mutual 1 Collateral Financial fund institution default, including by failing to return the Securities in a timely 2 Security manner, or at all. In order to minimize the risk of borrower default, each borrower is assessed by BlackRock 's internal risk department and monitored over time. The risk team performs regular borrower reviews. New transactions are systematically While the security is out on loan prevented if a borrower reaches its limits.

5 3. The mutual fund invests cash collateral in a money As an additional safeguard, BlackRock provides an indemnity for market fund or private investment company to seek its mutual funds for a shortfall in collateral in the event of a incremental return. borrower default. If a shortfall were to exist between the collateral amount received and the cost to repurchase a loaned 4. If a security pays a dividend or other distribution while security and that shortfall is not due to reinvestment risk, on loan, the borrower will pay the mutual fund what the BlackRock would reimburse the fund in full. mutual fund would have received if it had been holding such security. Collateral re-investment risk When a mutual fund receives cash as collateral, it may be re- Money invested in a money market fund or private investment company market fund with the objective of preserving principal and liquidity while 3 Collateral or private generating income. This re-investment of cash collateral investment exposes the fund to various investment risks and the potential company loss of principal.

6 These risks include market, liquidity and credit Mutual fund risks, and are not covered by BlackRock 's borrower default indemnity. Market risk is the potential for losses due to changing Financial prices. Liquidity risk is the possibility that Securities or institution instruments in which the cash is invested become difficult to sell Entitlements 4 or can only be sold at discounted prices. Credit risk is the ( , dividends). potential that Securities or instruments in which the cash is invested default or sell at discounted prices due to changes in credit quality. To end the process . To mitigate against these risks, BlackRock invests cash 5. At the end of the loan term (or at the mutual fund's request), collateral in BlackRock money market funds or private the borrower must return the security back to the investment companies that invest in diversified pools of high mutual fund. quality, short-term Securities and are subject to rigorous restrictions regarding credit quality, maturity and liquidity.

7 6. The mutual fund then releases the collateral back to the BlackRock brings world-class cash management capabilities to borrower to close out the process. bear in this process. As of December 31, 2020, BlackRock is one of the largest money market fund managers in the world with $ billion in cash assets under management. Mutual 5 Collateral Financial fund institution Since 1981, BlackRock has delivered 6 Security positive monthly Lending income for every fund that has participated in Securities Lending , including mutual funds. 2. L&LH0221U/S-1538534-2/6. Transparency into Securities Lending Practices We encourage all investors to ask their fund managers about Securities Lending practices, and seek information about the fees managers earn or payments they make to third-party Lending agents. Fund shareholders can also find the following in each fund's Statement of Additional Information (SAI): Whether a particular fund is permitted to engage in Securities Lending Disclosure that BlackRock serves as the Lending agent, and that it will be paid a fee for the provision of these services Confirmation that cash collateral will be invested in a BlackRock money market fund or private investment company; and Disclosure of any risk factors and potential conflicts of interest.

8 In addition, for every BlackRock fund that engages in Securities Lending , BlackRock publishes Securities Lending revenues in the fund's annual shareholder report and SAI and includes a separate line item that details BlackRock 's portion of revenues. In the report and SAI, investors can clearly identify both the fund's and BlackRock 's earnings from Securities Lending . Q&A. Q: Although borrower Q: How does Securities defaults are infrequent, Q: Has there ever been Lending benefit the how well prepared is a borrower default in financial markets? BlackRock in the event BlackRock 's history? it happens again? A: Securities Lending is a vital A: BlackRock 's integrated A: Since BlackRock 's component of the financial markets. technology platform and Lending program started in As of December 31, 2020, experienced team of 1981, only three borrowers approximately $ trillion of assets professionals focused on all with active loans have were available for Lending globally, with defaulted.

9 In each case, aspects of markets, trading $ trillion on loan. 1. and liquidity put us in a BlackRock was able to Securities Lending increases market strong position to manage repurchase every security liquidity, and in doing so, facilitates collateral in the rare event of out on loan using the transactions, helps to mitigate price volatility, & reduces transaction costs. a borrower default. proceeds of the borrower Additionally, our Securities collateral received and Since Securities Lending transactions Lending , operations, portfolio without any losses to can lead to short sales where investors sell borrowed Securities in management and trading our clients. anticipation of price declines some teams regularly assess our have criticized Securities Lending as a readiness to respond to a risk to market stability. borrower default using In fact, the Federal Reserve has found various tools, which in a that short sales can actually improve given year may include a market stability.

10 Their research has borrower default simulation. shown that short selling does not systematically drive down asset prices, and that restricting short selling can actually lead to reduced liquidity and We encourage all higher transaction costs for investors. 2. This is driven by the dynamics investors to ask their mentioned above Securities Lending mutual fund managers and short sales help to improve liquidity about Securities Lending and enable investors to hedge risk. practices and returns. 1 Source: Markit. On loan figure includes market activity for asset owners only. 2 Source: Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Report no. 518, Market Declines: Is Banning Short Selling the Solution? S eptember 2011. 3. L&LH0221U/S-1538534-3/6. Q&A (cont'd). Q: How is Securities Q: What is the maximum percentage Lending regulated? of assets that can be on loan? A: Securities Lending is a well-established activity A: Mutual funds may lend up to 331 3 % of a fund's and is subject to regulation.