Laboratory Manual - Student Edition - Glencoe

1 Laboratory Manual Student Edition A Glencoe Program Hands-On Learning: Teacher Resources: Laboratory Manual , SE/TE Lesson Plans Forensics Laboratory Manual , SE/TE Block Scheduling Lesson Plans CBL Laboratory Manual , SE/TE Spanish Resources Small-Scale Laboratory Manual , SE/TE Section Focus Transparencies and Masters ChemLab and MiniLab Worksheets Math Skills Transparencies and Masters Teaching Transparencies and Masters Review/Reinforcement: Solutions Manual Study Guide for Content Mastery, SE/TE. Solving Problems: A Chemistry Handbook Technology: Reviewing Chemistry Chemistry Interactive CD-ROM. Guided Reading Audio Program Vocabulary PuzzleMaker Software, Windows/Macintosh Applications and Enrichment: Glencoe Science Web site: Challenge Problems Supplemental Problems Assessment: Chapter Assessment MindJogger Videoquizzes (VHS).

2 TestCheck Software, Windows/Macintosh Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students , teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with the Chemistry: Matter and Change program. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without prior written permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe /McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027. ISBN 0-07-824524-9. Printed in the United States of America. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02.

3 Laboratory Manual . Contents How to Use This Laboratory Manual ..vii Writing a Laboratory Report ..viii Laboratory Equipment ..x Safety in the Laboratory ..xiii Safety Symbols ..xiv Laboratory Activities CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Chemistry Laboratory Techniques and Lab Safety .. 1. Effective Use of a Bunsen Burner .. 5. CHAPTER 2 Data Analysis Density .. 9. Making a Graph .. 13. CHAPTER 3 Matter Properties and Changes Copyright Glencoe /McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Density of Wood .. 17. Properties of Water .. 21. CHAPTER 4 The Structure of the Atom Simulation of Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment .. 25. Half-life of Barium-137m.

4 29. CHAPTER 5 Electrons in Atoms The Photoelectric Effect .. 33. Electron Charge to Mass Ratio .. 37. CHAPTER 6 The Periodic Table and Periodic Law Properties of the Periodic Table .. 41. Periodic Trends in the Periodic Table .. 45. Laboratory Manual Chemistry: Matter and Change iii Laboratory Manual . CHAPTER 7 The Elements Is there potassium in coffee? .. 49. The Periodic Puzzle .. 53. CHAPTER 8 Ionic Compounds Properties of Ionic Compounds .. 57. Formation of a Salt .. 61. CHAPTER 9 Covalent Bonding Covalent Bonding in Medicines .. 65. Covalent Compounds .. 69. CHAPTER 10 Chemical Reactions Single-Replacement Reactions .. 73. Double-Replacement Reactions .. 77.

5 CHAPTER 11 The Mole Estimating the Size of a Mole .. 81. Mole Ratios .. 85. Copyright Glencoe /McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. CHAPTER 12 Stoichiometry Observing a Limiting Reactant .. 89. Determining Reaction Ratios .. 93. CHAPTER 13 States of Matter Freezing Bacteria .. 97. Boiling Points .. 101. CHAPTER 14 Gases Charles's Law .. 105. Boyle's Law .. 109. iv Chemistry: Matter and Change Laboratory Manual Laboratory Manual . CHAPTER 15 Solutions Making a Solubility Curve .. 113. Freezing Point Depression .. 117. CHAPTER 16 Energy and Chemical Change Heats of Solution and Reaction .. 121. Heat of Combustion of Candle Wax .. 125. CHAPTER 17 Reaction Rates The Rate of a Reaction.

6 129. Surface Area and Reaction Rate .. 133. CHAPTER 18 Chemical Equilibrium Reversible Reactions .. 137. Equilibrium .. 141. CHAPTER 19 Acids and Bases Acids, Bases, and Neutralization .. 145. Determining the Percent of Acetic Acid in Vinegar .. 149. Copyright Glencoe /McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. CHAPTER 20 Redox Reactions Electron-Losing Tendencies of Metals .. 153. Determining Oxidation Numbers .. 157. CHAPTER 21 Electrochemistry Electrolysis of Water .. 161. Electroplating .. 165. CHAPTER 22 Hydrocarbons Isomerism .. 169. The Ripening of Fruit with Ethene .. 173. Laboratory Manual Chemistry: Matter and Change v Laboratory Manual .

7 CHAPTER 23 Substituted Hydrocarbons and Their Reactions The Characterization of Carbohydrates .. 177. Polymerization Reactions .. 181. CHAPTER 24 The Chemistry of Life Denaturation .. 185. Saturated and Unsaturated Fats .. 189. CHAPTER 25 Nuclear Chemistry Radioisotope Dating .. 193. Modeling Isotopes .. 197. CHAPTER 26 Chemistry in the Environment Organisms That Break Down Oil .. 201. Growth of Algae as a Function of Nitrogen Concentration .. 205. Copyright Glencoe /McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. vi Chemistry: Matter and Change Laboratory Manual Laboratory Manual . How to Use This Laboratory Manual Chemistry is the science of matter, its properties, and changes.

8 In your classroom work in chemistry, you will learn a great deal of the information that has been gathered by scientists about matter. But, chemistry is not just information. It is also a process for finding out more about matter and its changes. Laboratory activities are the primary means that chemists use to learn more about matter. The activities in the Laboratory Manual require that you form and test hypotheses, measure and record data and observations, analyze those data, and draw conclusions based on those data and your knowledge of chemistry. These processes are the same as those used by professional chemists and all other scientists. Organization of Activities Introduction Following the title and number of each activity, an introduction provides a background discussion about the problem you will study in the activity.

9 Problem The problem to be studied in this activity is clearly stated. Objectives The objectives are statements of what you should accomplish by doing the investigation. Recheck this list when you have finished the activity. Materials The materials list shows the apparatus you need to have on hand for the activity. Safety Precautions Safety symbols and statements warn you of potential hazards in the Laboratory . Before beginning any activity, refer to page xiv to see what these symbols mean. Pre-Lab The questions in this section check your knowledge of important concepts needed to complete the activity successfully. Copyright Glencoe /McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

10 Procedure The numbered steps of the procedure tell you how to carry out the activity and sometimes offer hints to help you be successful in the Laboratory . Some activities have CAUTION statements in the procedure to alert you to hazardous substances or techniques. Hypothesis This section provides an opportunity for you to write down a hypothesis for this activity. Data and Observations This section presents a suggested table or form for collecting your Laboratory data. Always record data and observations in an organized way as you do the activity. Analyze and Conclude The Analyze and Conclude section shows you how to perform the calculations necessary for you to analyze your data and reach conclusions.