Software-Defined Radio for Engineers - Analog Devices

1 Analog Devices perpetual eBook license Artech House copyrighted material. Wyglinski: fm 2018/3/26 11:43 pagei #1 Software-Defined Radio for EngineersAnalog Devices perpetual eBook license Artech House copyrighted material. Wyglinski: fm 2018/3/26 11:43 page ii #2 For a listing of recent titles in theArtech HouseMobile Communications, turn to the back of this Devices perpetual eBook license Artech House copyrighted material. Wyglinski: fm 2018/3/26 11:43 page iii #3 Software-Defined Radio for EngineersTravis F. CollinsRobin GetzDi PuAlexander M. WyglinskiAnalog Devices perpetual eBook license Artech House copyrighted material. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataA catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalog record for this book is available from the British : 978-1-63081-457-1 Cover design by John Gomes 2018 Travis F. Collins, Robin Getz, Di Pu, Alexander M.

2 WyglinskiAll rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, elec-tronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Analog Devices perpetual eBook license Artech House copyrighted material. Wyglinski: fm 2018/3/26 11:43 pagev #5 DedicationTo my wife Lauren Travis CollinsTo my wonderful children, Matthew, Lauren, and Isaac, and my patient wife,Michelle sorry I have been hiding in the basement working on this book. Toall my fantastic colleagues at Analog Devices : Dave, Michael, Lars-Peter, Andrei,Mihai, Travis, Wyatt and many more, without whom Pluto SDR and IIO wouldnot exist.

3 Robin GetzTo my lovely son Aidi, my husband Di, and my parents Lingzhen and Xuexun Di PuTo my wife Jen Alexander WyglinskiAnalog Devices perpetual eBook license Artech House copyrighted material. Wyglinski: fm 2018/3/26 11:43 page vi #6 Analog Devices perpetual eBook license Artech House copyrighted material. Wyglinski: fm 2018/3/26 11:43 page vii #7 ContentsPrefacexiiiCHAPTER 1 Introduction to Software-Defined Brief What is a Software-Defined Radio ? Networking and RF architectures for Processing architectures for Software Environments for Additional readings17 References18 CHAPTER 2 Signals and Time and Frequency Fourier Periodic Nature of the Fast Fourier Sampling Uniform Frequency Domain Representation of Uniform Nyquist Sampling Nyquist Sample Rate signal Frequency Imaginary signal Metrics and SINAD, ENOB, SNR, THD, THD + N, and Eye Receive Techniques for Nyquist Fixed Point Quantization49viiAnalog Devices perpetual eBook license Artech House copyrighted material.

4 Wyglinski: fm 2018/3/26 11:43 page viii # Design Trade-offs for Number of Bits, Cost, Power,and So Sigma-Delta Analog -Digital Digital signal Processing Techniques for Discrete Digital Transmit Techniques for Analog Reconstruction Digital Pulse-Shaping Nyquist Pulse-Shaping Two Nyquist Chapter Summary85 References85 CHAPTER 3 Probability in Modeling Discrete Random Events in Communication Binary Communication Channels and Conditional Modeling Continuous Random Events in Communication Cumulative Distribution Time-Varying Randomness in Communication Gaussian Noise Gaussian Power Spectral Densities and LTI Narrowband Application of Random Variables: Indoor Channel Chapter Additional Readings114 References115 CHAPTER 4 Digital Communications What Is Digital Transmission? Source Channel Digital Power Pulse Amplitude Modulation129 Analog Devices perpetual eBook license Artech House copyrighted material.

5 Wyglinski: fm 2018/3/26 11:43 page ix # Quadrature Amplitude Phase Shift Power Efficiency Probability of Bit Error signal Space Gram-Schmidt Optimal signal Vector Decision Maximum Likelihood Detection in an AWGN Basic Receiver Matched Filter Correlator Chapter Additional Readings168 References169 CHAPTER 5 Understanding SDR Components of a Communication Components of an AD9363 Zynq Linux Industrial Input/Output MATLAB as an IIO Not Just for Strategies For Development in Radio I/O Continuous Latency and Data Receive Automatic Gain Common Example: Loopback with Real Noise Figure189 References190 CHAPTER 6 Timing Matched Timing Symbol Timing Compensation198 Analog Devices perpetual eBook license Artech House copyrighted material. Wyglinski: fm 2018/3/26 11:43 pagex # Phase-Locked Feedback Timing Alternative Error Detectors and System M ller and Putting the Pieces Chapter Summary212 References212 CHAPTER 7 Carrier Carrier Frequency Offset Coarse Frequency Fine Frequency Performance Error Vector Magnitude Phase Code Differential Chapter Summary229 References230 CHAPTER 8 Frame Synchronization and Channel O Frame, Where Art Thou?

6 Frame signal Alternative Putting the Pieces Full Recovery with Pluto Channel Repetition BER Chapter Summary251 References251 CHAPTER 9 Channel Estimation and You Shall Not Multipath!253 Analog Devices perpetual eBook license Artech House copyrighted material. Wyglinski: fm 2018/3/26 11:43 page xi # Channel Nonlinear Receiver Chapter Summary265 References266 CHAPTER 10 Orthogonal Frequency Division Rationale for MCM: Dispersive Channel General OFDM Cyclic Common OFDM Waveform Packet CFO Symbol Timing Bit and Power Putting It All Chapter Summary286 References286 CHAPTER 11 Applications for Software-Defined Cognitive Bumblebee Behavioral Reinforcement Vehicular Chapter Summary299 References299 APPENDIX AA Longer History of History 1750 1850: Industrial 1850 1945: Technological 1946 1960: Jet Age and Space 1970 1979: Information 1980 1989: Digital 1990 1999: Age of the Public Internet (Web ) Post-2000: Everything comes together319 References319 Analog Devices perpetual eBook license Artech House copyrighted material.

7 Wyglinski: fm 2018/3/26 11:43 page xii #12xiiContentsAPPENDIX BGetting Started with MATLAB and MATLAB Useful MATLAB Code Analysis and M-Lint System Objects330 References332 APPENDIX CEqualizer Linear Zero-Forcing Decision Feedback Equalizers336 APPENDIX DTrigonometric Identities337 About the Authors339 Index341 Analog Devices perpetual eBook license Artech House copyrighted material. Wyglinski: ch04_new 2018/3/26 11:43 page 117 #1 CHAPTER 4 Digital Communications FundamentalsIn this chapter, we will provide an overview of several key fundamental conceptsemployed in the transmission of digital data. Starting with an understanding of howbinary data can be used to manipulate the physical characteristics of electromagneticwaveforms, we will then look at the basic anatomy of a digital communicationsystem before concentrating our attention on several different approaches formodulating electromagnetic waveforms using binary data.

8 Once we have establishedhow a digital data transmission process operates, we will then explore one of thekey analytical tools for assessing the quantitative performance of such systems: thebit error rate. Finally, this chapter will conclude with an introduction to the designof digital receivers via a signal vector space What Is Digital Transmission?A digital transceiver is a system composed of a collection of both digital and analogprocesses that work in concert with each other in order to handle the treatment andmanipulation of binary information. The purpose of these processes is to achievedata transmission and reception across some sort of medium, whether it is a twistedpair of copper wires, a fiber optic cable, or a wireless environment. At the core ofany digital transceiver system is thebinary digitorbit, which for the purposes ofthis book is considered to be the fundamental unit of information used by a digitalcommunication , a digital transceiver is essentially responsible for the translationbetween a stream of digital data represented by bits and electromagneticwaveforms possessing physical characteristics that uniquely represent those electromagnetic waveforms are usually described by sine waves and cosinewaves, several physical characteristics of electromagnetic waveforms commonlyused to represent digital data per time intervalTinclude the amplitude, phase, andcarrier frequency of the waveform, as shown in Figure Notice how differentcombinations of bits represent different amplitude levels or different phase values ordifferent carrier frequency values, where each value uniquely represents a particularbinary pattern.

9 Note that in some advanced mapping regimes, binary patterns canpotentially be represented by two or more physical , there is much more going on in a digital transceiver than just amapping between bits and waveforms, as shown in Figure In this illustrationof the basic anatomy for a digital transceiver, we observe that there are severalfunctional blocks that constitute a communication system. For instance, themapping between bits and electromagnetic waveform characteristics is representedby the modulation and demodulation blocks. Additionally, there are the source117 Analog Devices perpetual eBook license Artech House copyrighted material. Wyglinski: ch04_new 2018/3/26 11:43 page 118 #2118 Digital Communications FundamentalsFigure mappings of binary information to EM wave representation of a digital communication and source decoding blocks that handle the removal of redundantinformation from the binary data, channel encoding and channel decoding blocksthat introduce a controlled amount of redundant information to protect thetransmission for potential errors, and the Radio frequency front end (RFFE) blocksthat handle the conversation of baseband waveforms to higher carrier may ask the question, Why do we need all these blocks in our digitalcommunication system?

10 Notice in Figure the presence of a channel between thetransmitter and the receiver of the digital transmission system. The main reason whythe design of a digital communication system tends to be challenging, and that somany blocks are involved in its implementation, is due to this channel. If the channelwas an ideal medium where the electromagnetic waveforms from the transmitterare clearly sent to the receiver without any sort of distortion or disturbances, thenthe design of digital communication systems would be trivial. However, in reality achannel introduces a variety of random impairments to a digital transmission thatAnalog Devices perpetual eBook license Artech House copyrighted material. Wyglinski: ch04_new 2018/3/26 11:43 page 119 # What Is Digital Transmission?119can potentially affect the correct reception of waveforms intercepted at the instance, a channel may introduce some form of noise that can obfuscate someof the waveform characteristics.