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1 Is the 2016 edition of the annual Tax guide issued by the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA). It gives an overview of specific taxes that are levied on motor vehicles. These include taxes on acquisition (VAT, sales tax, registration tax), taxes on ownership (annual circulation tax, road tax) and taxes on motoring (fuel tax).Traditionally, the ACEA Tax guide covers the member states of the European Union as well as other European countries such as Switzerland, Iceland, Norway and Turkey.

2 Considering the increasing globalisation of the automotive sector and the growing importance of other markets, we have decided to extend the scope of the Tax guide to countries such as Brazil, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Russia, and the United States. We are most grateful for the help we received from the national associations of motor vehicle manufacturers in all these countries in collecting up-to-date Reproduction of the content of this document is not permitted without the prior written consent of ACEA. Whenever reproduction is permitted, ACEA shall be referred to as source of the editoRFrancesca PiazzaStatistics Automobile Manufacturers AssociationAvenue des Nerviens 85B 1040 BrusselsT.

3 +32 2 732 55 50F. +32 2 738 73 summary tables 4 Austria 11 Belgium 22 Bulgaria 48 Croatia 54 Cyprus 57 Czech Republic 60 Denmark 71 Estonia 87 Finland 92 France 96 Germany

4 110 Greece 120 Hungary 133 Ireland 140 Italy 153 Latvia 167 Lithuania 173 Luxembourg 179 Malta 193 Netherlands 196 Poland 205 Portugal 211 Romania 223 Slovakia 234 Slovenia 245 Spain 249 Sweden 259 United Kingdom 266EU member states 01EU summary tablesChapteR pRepaRed byFrancesca Automobile Manufacturers AssociationAvenue des Nerviens 85B 1040 BrusselsT.

5 +32 2 732 55 50F. +32 2 738 73 1 MOTOR VEHICLE TAXATION: EU SUMMARY TAXES ON ACQUISITION Country VAT Registration Tax Austria 20% Based on CO2 emissions Maximum 32% + bonus/malus Belgium 21% Based on cylinder capacity + age CO2 emissions (Wallonia) CO2 + Euro standards + fuel + age (Flanders) Bulgaria 20% None Croatia 25% Based on price + CO2 emissions Cyprus 19% Based on CO2 emissions Czech Republic 21% None Denmark 25% 105% of DKK 81,700 + 180% on the remainder (150% as of 20 November 2015 ) Estonia 20% None Finland 24% Based on price + CO2 emissions Minimum 5%, maximum 50 % France 20% Based on CO2 emissions From 150 (131 to 135g/km) to 8,000 (above 200g/km)

6 Germany 19% None Greece 23% Based on cylinder capacity + exhaust emissions 5% - 50% Luxury tax up to 40% Hungary 27% Based on cylinder capacity + exhaust emissions Ireland 23% Based on CO2 emissions 14 to 36% Italy 22% Based on kilowatt /weight/seats Latvia 21% Based on CO2 emissions Lithuania 21% None Luxembourg 17% None Malta 17% Based on price, CO2 emissions, vehicle length Netherlands 21% Based on price + CO2 emissions Poland 23% Based on cylinder capacity.

7 ACEA TAX guide 20165 EUROPEAN UNION 01 Portugal 23% Based on cylinder capacity + CO2 emissions Romania 20% Based on cylinder capacity + exhaust emissions + CO2 Slovakia 20% Based on Kilowatt Slovenia 22% Based on price + CO2 emissions Spain 21% Based on CO2 emissions From (121-159g/km) to (200g/km or more) Sweden 25% None United Kingdom 20% None TAXES ON OWNERSHIP Country Passenger Cars Commercial Vehicles Austria Kilowatt Weight Belgium Cylinder capacity Weight, axles Bulgaria Kilowatt Weight, axles Croatia CO2 emissions NA Cyprus CO2 emissions NA Czech Republic None Weight, axles Denmark Fuel consumption, weight Fuel consumption.

8 Weight Estonia None Weight, axles suspension Finland CO2 emissions/ Weight x days Weight x days France None Weight, axles, suspension Germany CO2 emissions, cylinder capacity Weight, exhaust emissions, noise Greece CO2 emissions/ cylinder capacity Weight Hungary Kilowatt Weight

9 ACEA TAX guide 20166 EUROPEAN UNION 01 Ireland CO2 emissions Weight Italy Kilowatt, CO2 emissions Weight, axles, suspension Latvia Weight, cylinder capacity, kilowatt Weight Lithuania None Weight, axles, suspension Luxembourg CO2 emissions, cylinder capacity Weight, axles Malta Cylinder capacity NA Netherlands CO2 emissions, weight Weight, exhaust emissions Poland None Weight, axles Portugal Cylinder capacity, CO2 emissions Weight, axles, suspension Romania Cylinder capacity Weight, axles Slovakia None Weight, axles Slovenia Cylinder capacity Weight Spain Horsepower Payload Sweden CO2 emissions/ weight Weight, axles.

10 Exhaust emissions United Kingdom CO2 emissions/ cylinder capacity Weight, axles, exhaust emissions NA: not available